3.8.1 付款 Payments
金融机构面临着巨大的压力，要求它们为国家之间的国际贸易提供更快、更有效的支付方式。
There is strong pressure on financial organisations to deliver ever speedier and more efficient means of payment for international trade between countries.
在欧盟内部，限制资金进出国资金转移的外汇管制条例的消失消除了国际资金转移的官方障碍和拖延，但必须保持所有交易的完整和准确的记录，以便进行统计，并帮助侦查洗钱和其他经济犯罪。
Within the EU, the disappearance of exchange control regulations restricting transfers of funds in and out of countries has removed official barriers and delays to international money transmission,although it is important that full and accurate records of all transactions are maintained for statistical purposes, and also to aid detection of money laundering and other economic crimes.
现在，大多数银行为国际金融交易提供全方位的选择，价格反映了交易完成的速度。规则通常是，受益人（卖方）越快收到其账户中的清算资金，交易费用就越高。在当今支持IT的环境中，资金可以通过相互连接的计算机立即转移到世界各地，只需适度的成本即可转移到银行。
Most banks now offer a full range of choices for international financial transactions, with prices reflecting the speed with which the transaction is completed. The rule is generally that the quicker the beneficiary (seller) receives cleared funds in its account, the higher the charge for the transaction. In today’s IT‑enabled environment, funds can be transferred instantaneously around the world by interlinked computers at only a moderate cost to banks.
使银行能够在它们之间进行转账的主要要求是将经核实的指示从一家银行传送和接收到另一家银行，授权收款银行将受益人（卖方）的账户记入贷方。这些指示过去常常通过海运或空运邮件以经签署的文件传送给海外的代理银行，需要花费过多的时间才能采取行动。向每个代理银行发送了载有经授权签署此类指示的人员的标本签名的书籍，以便收件人能够确认信息是真实的，并且在工作人员更换时定期更新此类签名簿。后来，通过电传或电缆在银行之间发送指令，由于缺乏可以验证的签名，消息被编码并携带测试密钥，银行两端都持有代码表簿，从而能够实现身份验证。
The main requirement to enable banks to make transfers between themselves is the transmission and receipt of an authenticated instruction from one bank to another, authorising the recipient bank to credit the account of the beneficiary (seller). Such instructions used to be transmitted by sea or air mail in signed documents to correspondent banks overseas and took an inordinate time to be acted upon. Each correspondent bank was sent books containing specimen signatures of those authorised to sign such instructions, so that messages could be confirmed as authentic by the recipient, and such signature books were regularly updated when staff changed. Later, instructions were sent between banks by telex or cable and, lacking signatures that could be authenticated, the messages were encoded and carried test keys, for which banks at either end held books of code tables, enabling authentication to be achieved.
在这种系统下进行的转账曾经被称为”邮件转账”（MT）、’有线/电汇’（TTs）或’电汇’，而且长期以来，这些系统并排运行，所有系统都根据有关转账的紧迫性使用。如今，资金转帐指令通过计算机的互连，使用”SWIFT”等系统在银行之间几乎即时发送，并且此类转帐往往被称为”国际支付”，”优先支付”，”快递支付”或”普通”或”紧急”付款，具体取决于银行和所需的付款类型。身份验证是通过内置于系统中的加密进行的。
Transfers made under such systems were once called ‘mail transfers’ (MTs), ‘cable/telegraphic transfers’ (TTs) or ‘wire transfers’ and, for a long time, these systems ran side by side, with all being used depending on the urgency of the transfers in question. Nowadays, funds transfer instructions are sent between banks almost instantaneously through the interlinking of computers, using systems such as ‘SWIFT’, and such transfers tend to be called ‘international payments’, ‘priority payments’, ‘express payments’, or ‘ordinary’ or ‘urgent’ payments, depending on the bank and type of payment required. Authentication is by encryption built into the system.
全球最大的安全金融消息传递系统
World’s largest secure financial messaging system
SWIFT（全球银行间金融电信协会）是一个由其成员拥有的合作社。它运营着世界上最大的安全金融消息传递平台，用于传达支付和与支付相关的信息。2021 年 1 月，SWIFT 平均每天处理 4，210 万条个人财务报文（SWIFT，2021 年）。
SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) is a co‑operative owned by its members. It operates the world’s largest secure financial messaging platform for communicating payment and information relating to payments. In January 2021 SWIFT processed on average 42.1 million individual financial messages per day (SWIFT, 2021).