4.1.1 Negotiating the contract
一旦卖方出示了合同，合同将构成他们向买方的要约，买方可以通过以下方式之一作出回应
Once a seller has produced the contract, it will constitute their offer to the buyer, who may respond in one of the following ways.
1.给予所呈现的接受。在某些法域，即使是对合同的口头协议也可能构成接受。此外，当事人也可能开始履行合同时接受合同。
Give acceptance as presented. Even a verbal agreement to the contract can constitute an acceptance in some jurisdictions. Additionally, acceptance may also occur by the parties beginning to perform the contract.
2.给予接受，但有保留或条件。这代表了还价，必须由卖方考虑，然后卖方可以接受提议的修正案，或者返回进一步的要约供买方考虑。
Give acceptance, but with reservations or conditions. This represents a counter‑offer, which will have to be considered by the seller, who may then accept the amendments proposed or go back with a further offer for the buyer to consider.
3.完全拒绝这个提议。
Reject the offer entirely.
值得注意的是，买方也可以制作合同并将其发送给卖方，卖方可能会以类似的方式作出反应。要约和还价可以在双方之间来回流动，直到最终达成相互协议或最终拒绝和放弃谈判进程，也许将在以后恢复。
It is worth noting that buyers can also produce contracts and send them to sellers, who may respond in a similar way. Offers and counter‑offers may flow backwards and forwards between the parties until, eventually, either mutual agreement is reached or there is a final rejection and abandonment of the negotiation process, perhaps to be resumed at a later date.
一旦双方（或代表双方有效）达成并最终协议并签署，合同将对卖方和买方均具有约束力，任何进一步的修改都需要双方的同意，最好以书面形式证明。
Once final agreement is reached and signed by (or validly on behalf of) both parties, the contract will be binding to both the seller and buyer, and any further amendments will require consent of both parties, preferably evidenced in writing.
一旦合同到位，必须遵守所有条款。如果不是，则构成违约，除非存在根据合同法律使其终止的事件，例如不可抗力。典型的违约行为包括交付不合格的货物、延迟装运或未能履行承诺。一方当事人违反合同通常使另一方当事人有权对遭受的任何损失提出法律索赔，在某些情况下，宣告合同无效（即放弃其义务）。
Once a contract is in place, all terms must be complied with. If they are not, then this constitutes a breach of contract, unless there is some event that under the law of the contract brings it to an end, such as force majeure. Typical breaches would include delivery of substandard goods, late shipment or failure to carry out what was promised. A breach of contract by one party usually entitles the other party to make a legal claim for any losses suffered and, in some cases, to void the contract (ie walk away from their obligations).
但是，在大多数商业安排中，双方将尝试自己解决任何分歧，并且只有在无法解决争议时才会将争议提交仲裁或某种替代性争议解决方案或调解。只有作为最后的手段，面临实际和重大损失的一方才会诉诸法院寻求补救，这可能既昂贵又耗时，而且结果不确定。
However, in most commercial arrangements the parties will attempt to resolve any differences themselves and will only take the dispute to arbitration or some alternative dispute resolution or mediation if they cannot do so. Only as a last resort will the party facing an actual and significant loss go to the courts for redress, which is potentially expensive and time‑consuming, and the outcome uncertain.
不可抗力-FORCE MAJEURE
法语为”优越的力量”，意思是上帝的行为。这是任何一方都无法控制的事件，例如骚乱，战争或自然灾害。
French for ‘superior force’, meaning an act of God. This is an event beyond the control of either party, such as riot, war or natural disaster.
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