4.5.1 仲裁法院Arbitration courts
有许多组织提供仲裁服务;ICC 就是其中之一。自1923年成立以来，国际商会国际仲裁法院（称为”法院”）已处理了23，300多起案件，2017年涉及当事人的案件和来自142个国家的仲裁（ICC，2018年）。其他仲裁法院包括：
There are a number of organisations that provide arbitration services; ICC is one of them. Since its inception in 1923, the ICC International Court of Arbitration (known as ‘the Court’) has handled more than 23,300 cases, and in 2017 the cases involved parties and arbitration from 142 countries (ICC, 2018). Other arbitration courts include:
• 伦敦国际仲裁院-the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA);
• 美国仲裁协会国际争议解决中心-the American Arbitration Association International Centre for Dispute Resolution;
• 香港国际仲裁中心the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre.
法院和其他机构制定了仲裁规则和示范合同条款。伦敦国际仲裁院（2021）建议在合同中插入以下仲裁条款
The Court and other institutions have established rules of arbitration and model contract terms. The LCIA (2021) recommends that the following arbitration clause be inserted into contracts:
• “Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this contract, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration under the Rules of the LCIA, which Rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference to this clause.（由本合同引起或与本合同有关的任何争议，包括有关其存在、有效性或终止的任何问题，均应提交并最终根据伦敦国际仲裁院规则通过仲裁解决，该规则被视为通过参考本条款并入。）
• The number of arbitrators shall be [one/three].（仲裁员人数为[一名/三名]）
• The seat, or legal place, of arbitration shall be [City and/or Country].（仲裁地或法定地点应为[城市和/或国家]。）
• The language used in the arbitration proceedings shall be [. . .].（仲裁程序中使用的语言应为[. . ..]）
• The governing law of the contract shall be the substantive law of [. . .]（合同的准据法应为[……]的实体法。)”.
英国法院通过决定自由签订此类条款的企业应期望相应地解决争议，从而加强了仲裁条款的价值。
The English courts have reinforced the value of arbitration clauses by deciding that businesses that freely enter into such clauses should expect to resolve disputes accordingly.
通常，提出争议的一方将根据商定的理由将此事提交给仲裁法院。如果争议提交给国际刑事法院法院，另一方必须在30天内作出回应。
Typically, the party raising the dispute will refer the matter, with reasons, to the arbitration court agreed upon. If the dispute is submitted to the ICC Court, the other party must respond within 30 days.
然后，仲裁员将研究这些意见和相关文件，并听取当事人提出的论点。仲裁员将听取当事人传唤的证人，包括专家的证词，并可指定自己的专家审查这些问题。
The arbitrators will then study these submissions and related documents and hear the arguments put by the parties. The arbitrators will hear witnesses, including experts, called by the parties and may appoint their own experts to examine the issues.
仲裁员作出的决定，包括决定由谁支付仲裁费用，对当事人具有约束力。但是，将有一个上诉程序，例如，如果一方认为仲裁员有偏见。
The decision made by the arbitrators, including deciding who should pay the costs of arbitration, is binding upon the parties. However, there will be an appeal process, for example if one party feels that the arbitrators have been biased.
Conclusion
参与销售商品或服务的所有各方都应充分了解其权利，义务和责任。合同，无论采取何种形式，都是正式确定双方义务的最佳方式，并有助于避免争议。但是，可能会发生违约行为，如果发生误解或争议，则有指导方针和机构来促进解决方案。
All parties involved in a sale of goods or services should be well aware of their rights, duties and liabilities. A contract, in whatever form it takes, is the best way to formalise the obligations of both parties and helps to avoid disputes. However, breaches in contract can occur and, should there be a misunderstanding or dispute, there are guidelines and institutions to facilitate resolutions.
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