11.2.1 物理供应链-The physical supply chain
物理供应链代表与成品相关的原材料，零件和货物的移动，涉及采购，制造/加工，分销安排和交货时间，最终货物在最终买方手中。
The physical supply chain represents the movement of raw materials, parts and goods associated with a finished product and involves the procurement, manufacture/processing, distribution arrangements and lead times that end with the goods being in the hands of the end buyer.
物理供应链通常涉及链中的至少三个环节，主要还是买方和卖方，他们共同生产最终产品。为什么至少三个？原因是卖方必须采购原材料，组件或成品，然后将其出售给买方。在实践中，供应链扩展到多方
A physical supply chain usually involves at least three links in the chain, with the primary parties always being the buyer and seller who combine to produce the end product. Why three links instead of two? The reason is that the seller has to source raw materials, components or finished goods that they then sell to the buyer. In practice, supply chains extend to multiple parties
| Party | Supply chain role供应链角色 | |
| Seller | Raw material producer 原料生产商 |
Extraction 提取 |
| Buyer and seller | Manufacturer 制造者 |
Manufacture制造者 Inventory (raw material, work-in-progress and finished goods) 库存（原材料、在制品和成品） |
| Buyer and seller | Wholesale distributor 批发分销商 |
Distribution分销 Inventory (bulk finished goods) 库存（散装成品） |
| Buyer and seller | Retailer 零售商 |
Retail inventory (unit-level finished goods) 零售库存（单位级成品） |
| Buyer | Consumer 消费者 |
Consumption 消费品 |
在实践中，供应链往往更为复杂。过去，供应链是以本地或区域供应商网络为基础的，但多年来的趋势是在贸易壁垒减少和国际贸易倾向的推动下，通过全球化提高效率。
In practice, supply chains tend to be more complex. Whereas, in the past, supply chains were based around a local or regional network of suppliers, the trend over many years, driven by reduced trade barriers and a greater inclination to trade internationally, has been to gain efficiencies through globalisation.
话虽如此，近年来，由于技术发展降低了低劳动力成本经济相对于较短的运输时间和更低的货运成本的优势，我们看到在可能的情况下，向近岸和在岸的转变。
That said, in recent years we have seen a move towards nearshoring and onshoring, where possible, as a result of technology developments reducing the advantage of low‑labour cost economies relative to shorter transit times and lower freight costs.
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