商业风险-Commercial risk
这涉及合同一方当事人可能无法或不愿意履行其义务的可能性。This involves the possibility that one of the parties to a contract may be unable or unwilling to fulfil its obligations.
买方无法或不愿付款-The buyer is unable or unwilling to pay
买方可能由于现金流问题，财务状况恶化甚至破产而无法付款。
A buyer could be unable to pay due to a cash flow problem, a deteriorating financial position or even bankruptcy.
There are many reasons why a buyer could be unwilling to accept a delivery of goods. The quality or quantity of the merchandise delivered could be in question; alternatively, the buyer could have made an estimation error（估计错误） when ordering the goods and then have found that part or all of the shipment is no longer needed. In these situations, the seller will need to be aware of the commercial risks involved.
（应对买方风险，保护卖方利益）降低风险的方法：
• 预付款-payment in advance;
• 保函或备用信用证-payment guarantee (or standby letters of credit);
• 信用证-documentary credits;
• 跟单托收-documentary collections; and
• 信用保险-credit insurance.
卖方无法交付货物或服务-The seller is unable to deliver goods or services
Buyers should be aware that a seller can be in default and commercial risk can occur if:
• the seller is unable to deliver the goods;
• the goods delivered are of a poorer quality or lower quantity than ordered; or
• the goods are delivered late.
Faced with any of the scenarios above, buyers may be unable to profit from resale of the goods or to fulfil contractual obligations towards customers due to lack of stock or raw materials.
（应对卖方风险，保护买方利益）降低风险的方法：
• 货到付款-payment after delivery of the goods;
• 履约保函、备用信用证-performance‑related guarantees or standby letters of credit.
• 信用证-documentary credits;
• 跟单托收-documentary collections; and
• 由独立检验机构检验货物-inspection of the goods by an independent surveyor.
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