文化与语言的差异。Cultural and language differences – difficulties in communication may cause delays or misunderstanding resulting in additional costs.
证明文件及其他手续。Documentation and other formalities – certain jurisdictions（司法管辖） may have complex documentation requirements that are different to the importer or exporter’s home country. These may affect both goods and services.
运输及保险。Transport and insurance – it generally takes more time to ship goods over long distances. Additional costs relating to transport and insurance could be incurred.
政治的考量。Political considerations – protectionism（贸易保护主义）, through the imposition of tariffs (关税) or quotas （配额）on imports, can have a significant impact on international trade.
经济的考量。Economic considerations – legislation or taxation policies（法律及税收政策） can have an adverse impact（反向影响） on the expected profit from trade.
风险-Risks
交易对手的风险。Counterparty risk – any commercial contract carries a certain degree of counterparty risk. However, enforcing contractual rights against a business located in another country can be more difficult than in the case of a domestic counterparty.
汇率的风险。Foreign exchange risk – foreign currencies may be used for settlement. This can lead to unexpected financial gains or losses, unless managed very closely.
合规风险。Compliance risks – smaller businesses may not have the resources to employ legal expertise to deal with different laws, regulations and sanctions(制裁) imposed by various jurisdictions.
金融犯罪风险。Financial crime risks – international trade can sometimes act as a front for money laundering and fraud. www.examcn.net
欺诈。Fraud – it is easier to commit fraudulent acts where security is poor. Cybersecurity （网络安全）is, therefore, of increasing importance. If IT systems are weak, forged（伪造） documents or money may be sent to bank accounts under the control of fraudsters instead of to the seller’s bank. In countries where security is poor, domestic trade carries a similar level of risk to international trade.
其他操作风险。Other operational risks – employee error, fraud and communication issues（通讯问题） could be more likely to occur in some less developed countries.