3.4 Marine cargo insurance 海运货物保险
每当货物在运输过程中时，都存在明显的灭失或损坏风险，这可能会对买方或卖方或两者造成严重的海事事故。
Whenever goods are in transit, there is an obvious risk of loss or damage, which could have serious Marine cargconsequences for either the buyer or the seller, or both.
海运货物保险Marine cargo insurance
涵盖以任何方式（包括公路，铁路，空运和海运）运输时货物丢失或损坏的风险。
Covers the risk of loss or damage to goods while being transported by any method, including road,rail, air and sea.
国际贸易术语解释通则®规则应在商业销售合同中具体规定，它将澄清“交货”的点或地点：风险和责任从卖方转移到买方的时刻。（然而，在2020年国际贸易术语解释通则（Incoterms® 2020）中，成本保险费加运费（CIF）以及运费及保险费付至（CIP）中，11条术语中只这两条实际上规定了谁对提供保险负有具体责任，并且实际上需要文件证据证明保险已经生效。此外，所有Incoterms® rules都规定了货物的赔偿责任从哪一个实体转移到另一个实体。只有CIF和CIP需要卖方保险的证据。
The Incoterms® rule, which should be specified in the commercial contract of sale, will clarify the point or place of ‘delivery’: the point when risk and liability pass from seller to buyer. (However, there are only two out of the 11 Incoterms® 2020 rules Cost,Insurance and Freight (CIF) and Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) that actually state who is specifically liable for providing insurance and which effectively require documentary evidence that insurance has been effected.Furthermore, all Incoterms® rules specify from which point the liability for the goods passes from one entity to the other. Only CIF and CIP require evidence of insurance effected by the seller.
例如，如果适用Incoterms® 2020 rule的 EXW，则一旦卖方向买方发出通知，使他们能够提取货物，卖方的责任即告终止。从那一刻起，货物的风险由买方承担。Incoterms® 2020 rule工厂交货（EXW）没有规定买方必须为货物投保;无论他们是否这样做，都由买方自行决定。如果卖方担心买方可能无法在由其负责的旅程中为货物投保，则卖方可以安排并支付卖方利益的保险。如果货物在运输途中损坏，买方无法支付这些费用，保险将补偿卖方。买方不应被告知存在任何卖方利益保险。
For example, if the Incoterms® 2020 rule EXW applies, the seller’s responsibility ends once the seller has sent a notice to the buyer enabling them to take delivery of the goods. From that moment on, the goods are at the buyer’s risk. Incoterms® 2020 rule Ex Works (EXW) does not stipulate that the buyer has to insure the goods; it is at the buyer’s own discretion whether they do so or not. If the seller fears that the buyer may not insure the goods for the part of the journey that is their responsibility, then the seller could arrange, and pay for, sellers’ interest insurance. Sellers’ interest insurance would compensate the seller if the goods were damaged in transit and as a result the buyer could not pay for them. The buyer should not be advised of the existence of any sellers’ interest insurance.
海运保险是一个专业领域，因此咨询在劳合社注册的专业海事经纪人可能是明智的。或者，可以指示货运代理安排保险。在这种情况下，卖方或买方可能会受益于货运代理的”批量购买力“，他们将为许多客户处理保险。
Marine freight insurance is a specialist area, so it may be wise to consult an expert marine broker registered with Lloyd’s. Alternatively, the freight forwarder could be instructed to arrange the insurance. In such cases, the seller or buyer may benefit from the ‘bulk buying power’ of the freight forwarder, who will be handling insurance for many clients.
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3.4.1 保险合同的种类 Types of insurance contracts