4.5 争议处理和仲裁-Dispute handling and arbitration
无论合同起草得多么谨慎，都不可能预见到每一种可能性，当买卖双方不熟悉彼此的商业惯例、法律和习俗时，就会产生误解。
However carefully contracts are drawn up, it is impossible to foresee every eventuality and, when buyers and sellers are unfamiliar with each other’s commercial practices, laws and customs, misunderstandings will occur.
发生这种情况时，有三种解决争议的基本方法：
When this happens, there are three basic means of resolving a dispute:
1) 双方首先试图达成双方都满意的妥协。这很便宜，没有第三方费用（仲裁员或律师），如果成功，也不会妨碍未来共同开展业务的机会。
Both sides first attempt to reach a mutually satisfactory compromise. This is cheap, with no third‑party fees (arbitrators or lawyers) and, if successful, will not get in the way of future opportunities for doing business together.
2) 仲裁涉及双方同意以独立的方式解决争议，并决定各方应采取何种措施来解决问题。这涉及到成本。
Arbitration involves both sides agreeing to an independent means of resolving a dispute and deciding what each party should do to resolve matters. There are costs involved.
3) 一种涉及律师和法院的法律补救措施，可能在不熟悉的司法管辖区。在双方都听取了法律意见后，他们可以同意妥协或将事情提交法院做出决定。向法院申请解决争议的决定通常是最后的手段，因为结果的不确定性，成本和当事人之间经常产生的不良情绪。然而，当一般法律原则有争议时，这可能是唯一的选择。
A legal remedy involving lawyers and courts, maybe in unfamiliar jurisdictions. After both sides have taken legal advice, they may agree to compromise or take matters before a court for a decision. An application to a court for a decision to resolve a dispute is usually a last resort because of the uncertainty of outcome, the cost and the bad feeling that is often engendered between the parties. However, when a general principle of law is at issue, this may be the only option.
当发生争议时，海外代理可以证明是有用的。事实上，信誉良好的代理商应首先防止争议的发生。然而，情况并非总是如此。代理商通常与海外客户具有相同的国籍和文化，可能会偏离对其委托人利益的全力支持，特别是在不保持定期沟通的情况下。
Overseas agents can prove to be useful when a dispute arises. In fact, a reputable agent should prevent a dispute from arising in the first place. However, that is not always the case. Agents, frequently of the same nationality and culture as the overseas customer, can stray from full support of their principal’s interests, particularly if regular communication is not maintained.
由于争议总是有可能最终在法庭上结束，因此合同必须指定将适用的管辖权，并且指定的管辖权应得到尊重，其法律是明确的。如果合同中包含仲裁条款，则指定的司法管辖区应为仲裁的宽容。
Because there is always a possibility that a dispute may end up in court, it is vital that contracts specify the jurisdiction that will apply and that the jurisdiction specified is one that is respected and whose laws are clear. If arbitration clauses are included in a contract, the jurisdiction specified should be one that is tolerant of arbitration.
仲裁的发生可能是因为合同当事人已将仲裁条款写入合同，要么是因为当发生争议时，他们同意通过仲裁解决问题。
Arbitration can come about either because the parties to a contract have written an arbitration clause into the contract or because, when a dispute has arisen, they have agreed to resolve the issues by arbitration.
国际商事仲裁示范法
MODEL LAW ON INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION
有些国家采用了贸易法委员会的《国际商事仲裁示范法》（最初于1985年出版）。本法将仲裁协议定义为：
Some countries have adopted UNCITRAL’s ‘Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration’(originally published in 1985). This law defines an arbitration agreement as:
1.”当事各方同意将他们之间就一种确定的法律关系（不论是合同关系还是非合同关系）已经发生或可能发生的所有或某些纠纷提交仲裁”
“an agreement by the parties to submit to arbitration all or certain disputes which have arisen or which may arise between them in respect of a defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not”;
2.”仲裁协议可以采用合同中仲裁条款的形式，也可以采用单独协议的形式”
“an arbitration agreement may be in the form of an arbitration clause in a contract or in the form of a separate agreement”. (UNCITRAL, 2008, p4)
因此，仲裁可以涵盖商业合同的所有方面，而不仅仅是运输问题。使用Incoterms®将更容易解决问题。
Arbitration can therefore cover all aspects of a commercial contract, not just transport issues. The use of Incoterms® will make it easier to resolve matters covered by Incoterms®.
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