标签：碳足迹

CITF-TOPIC 1-comparative advantage 学习笔记

比较优势-comparative advantage
简单的例子-Simplified example

英国更擅长生产衣物、葡萄牙更擅长生产土豆。经过分工贸易，英国和葡萄牙使用同样的生产资料各自获得了更多的衣物。（If the UK devoted four units of production to cloth and Portugal devoted its two units of production to tomatoes, the UK would produce four rolls of cloth and Portugal would produce 200kg of tomatoes. Thus the total output of the two countries is now greater than before for the same total number of units of production。）

比较优势的假设-Assumptions 
  1. 相比葡萄牙，英国将付出更大的成本或努力和代价生产土豆。这些成本可能是温室、燃料还有灌溉。（Greater effort and higher costs will be required in the UK to produce the same quantity of tomatoes when compared with Portugal. For example, greenhouses, as well as additional fuel and irrigation, may be required.）
  2. 一单位生产要素在两国间是相同的，没有交易费用和运输费用。（A unit of production is identical in both countries for the production of both goods.There are no transaction costs in connection with the trade.）
  3. 两国都能从贸易中得到相当的利益。（The gains from comparative advantage are split evenly, as each country gains the same, ie one roll of cloth.）
  4. 没有汇兑纠纷。（There are no foreign exchange rate complications.）
  5. 两国的生产者不会停产。（The tomato growers in England and the cloth producers in Portugal will not object to being ‘closed down’.）
比较优势的反思，反全球化-Comparative advantage revisited: reverse globalisation
      1. 劳动成本的增加（Increasing cost of labour）
        全球化有助于寻找更低廉的劳动成本，但同时增加了产品运输成本。One of the great attractions of globalisation was the ability to gain access to economies with lower labour costs to produce manufactured goods. The logic was that the resulting saving in production costs more than outweighed （超过）the costs associated with moving goods around the world. This cost advantage is decreasing, reducing the advantage of producing goods some distance from the markets for such goods.
      2. 数字化的颠覆（Digital disruption ）
        技术进步也减少了劳动力在生产成本中的占比。自动化生产可大幅减少人力劳动，一个经济体的底劳动力成本效应也会因此削弱，最极端的例子就是3D打印了。Advances in technology have also had the effect of reducing the labour component in the costs of goods. Automated production requires much less manual labour so the cost advantage of an economy with relatively low labour costs has been eroded（侵蚀）still further. An extreme example of such automation would be 3D printing.
      3. 可持续性（Sustainability ）
        为减少碳足迹，应注意减少生产到最终消费的物理供应链条长度。We have also seen much greater awareness of the need for sustainability. In order to reduce the ‘carbon footprint’ （碳足迹：是指企业机构、活动、产品或个人通过交通运输、食品生产和消费以及各类生产过程等引起的温室气体排放的集合。）of manufactured goods, it makes sense to reduce the distance covered as the physical supply chain progresses and the finished goods are available to the end consumer.
      4. 依赖性（Dependencies）
        离岸外包导致经济体对外部供应的依赖不断增加。As a result of offshoring（离岸外包）, many economies became increasingly dependent on supplies coming from remote areas. However, recent events have resulted in a reduction in these dependencies.
        进口国家应意识到依赖性的风险，例如对于个人防护装备.（Personal protective equipment）importing countries understand the risks related to these dependencies. These risks,combined with the poor quality of the imported PPE (in some instances), has led to a reduction in these dependencies.
      5. 贸易保护主义（Protectionism）
        贸易保护主义减少自由贸易。Finally, political developments have led to an increase in protectionism through the imposition of various barriers to free trade.
      6. 企业回流和近岸外包的增加（Increase in reshoring and nearshoring）
        劳动成本的增加、数字化颠覆、可持续性、依赖性因素使得许多企业选择回流或近岸外包。这些行为是的他们能更灵敏地应对不可预见的情形以及增加质量的把控。Increases in labour costs, digital disruption, sustainability and dependency issues are the major factors that have led many corporates to nearshore or reshore certain production activities. This allows them to respond faster to unforeseen situations and to exercise quality control.
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相关词条：

Offshoring 离岸外包
This occurs  when a company moves all or some of its activities to another country to save costs .
Nearshoring 近岸外包
The transfer of business processes to companies in a nearby country, where both parties expect to benefit from one or more of the following dimensions of proximity: geographic, temporal (time zone), cultural, linguistic, economic, political, or historical linkages.”
Reshoring 企业回流
The practice of moving a business or part of a business that was based in a different country back to its original country.

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