4.4 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》（《销售公约》）
UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
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4.4.1 Content of the CISG
4.4.2 Criticism of the CISG
1980年《销售公约》是一项国际法协定，规定了关于国际货物销售合同订立的法律规则守则。《销售公约》是由联合国国际贸易法委员会（贸易法委员会）制定的，虽然它于1980年在维也纳签署，但直到1998年1月1日才生效，当时有11个国家批准了它。它有时被称为”维也纳公约”。
The 1980 CISG is an agreement under international law that provides a code of legal rules governing the formation of contracts for the international sale of goods. The CISG was developed by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and although it was signed in Vienna in 1980 it did not come into force until 1 January 1998, when it was ratified by 11 countries. It is sometimes referred to as ‘the Vienna Convention’.
截至2020年9月，它已得到94个国家的批准，占世界贸易的很大一部分。
As of September 2020, it had been ratified by 94 countries, which accounts for a significant proportion of world trade.
已批准该条约的国家在条约中被称为”缔约国”。《销售公约》被视为已纳入这些缔约国之间任何贸易的国内法，除非个别合同的明文条款排除在外。
Countries that have ratified the treaty are referred to within the treaty as ‘contracting states’. The CISG is deemed to be incorporated into the domestic law of any trade between these contracting states, unless excluded by the express terms of the individual contract.
该名单中的主要缺席者包括印度，南非和英国，由于国内法律和政府原因，它们都决定不批准《销售公约》。
The major absentees from this list include India, South Africa and the UK, which for domestic legal and governmental reasons have all decided not to ratify the CISG.
在与尚未批准条约的国家的对应方打交道时，贸易商需要意识到，除非合同中另有规定，否则当地法律和习俗通常将适用，他们不应依赖条约条款来涵盖这些交易。
When dealing with counterparties in countries that have not ratified the treaty, traders need to be aware that local laws and customs will normally apply, unless otherwise specified in the contract, and they should not rely on the terms of the treaty to cover these transactions.
《销售公约》为起草国际合同确立了普遍规则，并允许出口商避免选择法律，而法律选择是涉及法律冲突的案件诉讼的一个阶段。
The CISG establishes universal rules for drafting international contracts and allows the exporter to avoid choice of law, which is a stage in the litigation of a case involving conflicts of laws.
《销售公约》以六种语言编写，贸易法委员会（2010年，第32页）将每种语言描述为”同等作准”，其风格都使用通俗易懂的语言。每一项案文都避免使用国内法律术语，并加以翻译，以便缔约国能够方便地加以解释。
The CISG is written in six languages – each described as “equally authentic” by UNCITRAL (2010, p32)– in a style that uses plain language. Each text avoids domestic legal terminologies and is translated so that it can be easily interpreted by the contracting states.
位于发展中国家的小型和中型企业和贸易商在与发达国家较大的对应方打交道时，往往具有相对较弱的讨价还价地位。此外，他们在谈判合同时通常无法获得法律咨询。通过为属于其范围的合同提供公平和统一的条例，《销售公约》可以对这些企业特别有利。
Small and mediu‑sized enterprises and traders located in developing countries can often have a relatively weak bargaining position when dealing with larger counterparties from the developed world. In addition, they generally lack access to legal advice when negotiating a contract. By providing fair and uniform regulations for contracts falling under its scope, the CISG can be particularly beneficial to such businesses.
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