3.3 货运代理Freight forwarders
货运代理-Freight forwarders
使用适当的运输方式管理国际货物流动的组织。
（The organisations that manage the movement of goods internationally using the appropriate mode of transport.）
知识点：买卖方都可以选择货代。许多国家都有货运代理贸易机构，这些机构坚持要求其成员采取良好做法并持有适当的货运代理责任保险。新卖家或新买家在选择货运代理时应咨询适当的贸易机构或当地商会。
Freight forwarders are typically appointed by either the buyer or seller to organise the transport of goods. Many countries have freight forwarder trade bodies, which insist that their members adopt good practice and hold appropriate freight forwarder liability insurance. New sellers or new buyers should consult the appropriate trade body or a local chamber of commerce when selecting a freight forwarder.
知识点：货代的流程——货运代理将以适当的运输方式预订空间，可以是飞机，轮船，铁路或公路。货运代理将安排从卖方的处所收集货物，并在适当的时间交付给承运人，并可以与其海外办事处联络，以协调交付给买方。
A freight forwarder will book space on the appropriate transport mode, which could be by aircraft,ship, rail or road. The freight forwarder will arrange for the goods to be collected from the seller’s premises and delivered to the carrier at the appropriate time and can liaise with its overseas offices to co‑ordinate delivery to the buyer.
知识点：货代的服务——Freight forwarders may also offer additional services such as:
- 入仓、入库-warehousing;
- 货物的最终组装和包装（如果进口国有自己的具体规定，则特别有用）-final assembly and packaging of goods (particularly useful if the importing country has its own specific regulations);
- 管理海关要求，包括进口货物的清关和交付到最终目的地-managing customs requirements, including customs clearance of import freight and delivery to final destination;
- 跟单信用证和跟单托收的文件服务。他们将起草文件，并可以指导出口商从头到尾完成整个过程。-documentation services for documentary credits and documentary collections. They will draw up the documents and can guide the exporter through the whole process from start to finish.
海关手续-Customs formalities
有关国家的政府或管理机构通常会通过法律，卖家和买家在将货物进口到国外或从该国出口货物时必须遵守这些法律。不遵守规定可能导致处罚，其中可能涉及罚款甚至监禁。
Governments or governing bodies of the individual countries concerned usually pass laws with which sellers and buyers must comply when they import goods into – or export goods out of – the country.Non‑compliance can result in penalties, which may involve fines or even imprisonment.
这些规则可能很复杂，没有经验的卖家和买家应将手续留给具有适当资格的货运代理商或听取商会的建议。法规涵盖的典型问题是：
These rules can be complex, and inexperienced sellers and buyers should leave the formalities to a suitably qualified freight forwarder or take advice from a chamber of commerce. Typical issues covered by the regulations are:
- 无法进口或需要许可的货物的详细信息-details of goods that cannot be imported or are subject to licensing;
- 买家和卖家有责任提交文件并支付任何关税-the responsibility of buyers and sellers to submit documentation and pay any duties;
- 海关官员对货物进行实物检查的权力-the powers of customs officers to conduct physical inspections of the goods;
- 进口限制与可以进口的特定货物的总量有关。如果超过这些进口配额，货物可能会被拒绝或可能需要支付更高的进口关税-import restrictions related to the total quantity of specific goods that can be imported. If these import quotas are exceeded, goods may be refused or may be subject to higher import duties.
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