5.2.8 其他形式的金融犯罪-Other forms of financial crime
银行系统容易受到欺诈行为的影响。以下是从业者需要特别注意的一些问题。
The banking system is vulnerable to fraudulent acts. The following are some issues of which practitioners need to be particularly aware.
欺诈-FRAUD
通过欺骗、虚假伪装或虚假陈述窃取金钱、财产或服务。
Stealing money, property or services by deception, false pretences or misrepresentation.
伪造的签名-Forged signatures
银行几乎没有机会从签名被伪造的任何一方的汇票、支票或期票中收回。
A bank has virtually no chance of recovering on a draft, cheque or promissory note from any party whose signature has been forged.
假冒、有缺陷或不存在的商品-Fake, faulty or non‑existent goods
银行在贸易交易中经常依靠货物作为担保，如果货物本身没有价值，银行就没有担保。在放贷前对货物进行独立检查可以减轻这种风险。
Banks often rely on the goods for security in a trade transaction and if the goods themselves have no value, the bank has no security. An independent inspection of the goods prior to lending may mitigate this risk.
欺诈性索赔-Fraudulent claims
欺诈性索赔最常发生在保险业。一个常见的例子是夸大的索赔，其中丢失的价值被夸大，或者通过包括其他未损坏的货物来”添加”索赔。虽然相对罕见，但也可能针对即期担保和备用信用证提出欺诈性索赔。
Fraudulent claims occur most often in the insurance industry. A common example is inflated claims, where either the value of what is lost is exaggerated or the claim is ‘added to’ by including other goods that were not damaged. Whilst relatively rare, fraudulent claims may also be made against demand guarantees and standby letters of credit (see Topic 10).
网络犯罪-Cybercrime
世界银行系统的一些主要危险来自犯罪分子，他们打算通过非法入侵IT系统从银行或其客户那里窃取资金，经常为了自己的利益而转移资金和信息。网络犯罪的另一种常见形式是”网络钓鱼”，声称来自银行的电子邮件说服客户向犯罪分子透露密码和其他私人信息。
Some of the main dangers to the world banking system come from criminals intent on stealing money from banks or their clients by illegally hacking into IT systems, often diverting funds and information for their own benefit. Another common form of cybercrime is ‘phishing’, where emails purporting to come from banks persuade clients to reveal passwords and other private information to criminals.
与贸易有关的欺诈-Fraud related to trade
欺诈可能发生在国际供应链的不同环节。提单等运输单据可以伪造。有用的信息来源包括伦敦劳合社海上搜索检查和来自航运公司的公开信息，这些信息可以识别船只的旅程。文件可能包含虚假信息，旨在混淆欺诈易或获得无权获得的融资。
Fraud can take place at various points in international supply chains. Transport documents such as bills of lading can be forged. Useful sources of information include Lloyd’s of London Sea‑Searcher checks and publicly available information from shipping companies that identify vessel journeys. Documents can contain false information intended to obfuscate fraudulent deals or to obtain financing to which one is not entitled.
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