考试.net – 第462页

CITF-学习笔记（3.8.3 资金转移的簿记 Bookkeeping for transfers of funds）

3.8.3 资金转移的簿记 Bookkeeping for transfers of funds

以下示例概述了法国银行客户将资金转入国外受益人的银行账户的簿记。它假定各银行之间存在账户关系。
The following examples outline the bookkeeping for a French bank customer transferring funds to the bank account of a beneficiary abroad. It assumes that an account relationship exists between the respective banks.

EXAMPLE 1
在此示例中，转移的资金以欧元计价。法国客户被扣除欧元金额和费用，该金额被记入海外银行的欧元账户（从法国银行的角度来看，这是一个vostro账户）。
In this example, the funds being transferred are denominated in euro.The French customer is debited with the euro amount, plus charges, and this amount is credited to the euro account of the overseas bank (this is a vostro account from the French bank’s point of view).
收到通知后，海外银行从vostro账户中提取欧元，将其转换为当地货币，然后将等值货币减去其费用贷记给受益人。
On receipt of the advice, the overseas bank withdraws the euro from the vostro account, converts it to local currency, and then credits the beneficiary with the currency equivalent, less its charges.

EXAMPLE 2
在此示例中，转账以外币计价。
In this example, the transfer is denominated in foreign currency.
客户将扣除所需货币金额的等值欧元和费用，并且Nostro帐户将记入该货币（如果法国客户保留外币帐户，则可以将适当的货币金额借记到该帐户，并且无需安排转换为欧元）。
The customer is debited with the euro equivalent, plus charges, of the required currency amount and the nostro account is credited with the currency (if the French customer maintains a foreign currency account, then the appropriate currency amount can be debited to that account, and there will be no need to arrange for conversion into euro).
建议海外银行从nostro账户中扣除所需金额的货币，并将资金存入受益人的账户。
The overseas bank is advised that it can debit the nostro account with the requisite amount of currency and credit the funds to the account of the beneficiary.

各种结算方法都涉及相同的簿记。唯一的区别是向海外银行建议转账的方法。
The various methods of settlement all involve the same bookkeeping. The only difference is the method by which the overseas bank is advised about the transfer.

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

CITF-学习笔记（3.8.2 ‘Nostro’ and ‘vostro’ accounts）

3.8.2 ‘Nostro’ and ‘vostro’ accounts

除了相互发送授权转账的指示外，银行还需要有系统，以便在此类付款的财务上相互结算，当涉及不同的货币时，使用nostro和vostro账户。”nostro”这个词的意思是”我们的”，而”vostro”的意思是”你的”。
As well as transmitting instructions to one another authorising transfers, banks need to have systems for settling up with each other financially in respect of such payments and, when different currencies are involved, nostro and vostro accounts are used. The word ‘nostro’ means ‘our’ and‘vostro’ means ‘your’.

EXAMPLE
从德国银行的角度来看，nostro账户是其在外国代理银行账簿上的账户，以外币计价。例如，以法兰克福德意志银行的名义开立的账户，位于纽约花旗银行的账簿中，以美国计价。德意志银行是花旗银行的客户。
From the point of view of a German bank, a nostro account is its account in the books of a foreign correspondent bank, denominated in foreign currency. An example would be an account in the name of Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt, in the books of Citibank, New York, denominated in US
Dollars.Deutsche Bank is a customer of Citibank.

从德国银行的角度来看，vostro账户是外国银行在该银行的账户，以欧元计价。vostro账户的一个例子是纽约花旗银行名下的账户，该账户保存在法兰克福的德意志银行的账簿中。该账户将以欧元计价，花旗银行将是德意志银行的客户。
From the point of view of a German bank, a vostro account is a foreign bank’s account with that bank, denominated in euro. An example of a vostro account would be an account in the name of Citibank, New York, maintained in the books of Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt. The account would be denominated in euro and Citibank would be a customer of Deutsche Bank.

当资金从德国汇出时，如果付款以外币计价，则使用nostro账户;如果付款以欧元计价，则使用vostro账户。
When funds are remitted from Germany, nostro accounts are used if the payment is denominated in foreign currency and vostro accounts are used if payment is denominated in euro.

银行对待他们的Notro账户的方式与任何其他客户对待他们的银行账户的方式相同。银行将保留自己的往来账户记录，称为”镜像账户”，并将银行对账单与这些镜像账户进行核对。
Banks treat their nostro accounts in the same way as any other customer would treat their bank account. The bank will maintain its own record of the nostro account, known as a ‘mirror account’, and will reconcile the bank statements against these mirror accounts (Wang, 2004).

为了保持准确的记录，银行试图对所有交易进行起息日：银行估计授权交易实际借记或贷记到nostro账户的日期，并在其镜像账户中使用这些日期（Wang，2004）。并非所有地方都不可能对交易进行价值测定 – 在这些情况下，将计算贷方或借方利息。
To maintain accurate records, the bank tries to value‑date all transactions: the bank estimates the date on which authorised transactions will actually be debited or credited to the nostro account and it uses these dates in its mirror account (Wang, 2004). Value‑dating of transactions is not possible everywhere – in these cases, credit or debit interests will be calculated.

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

CITF-学习笔记（3.8.1 付款 Payments）

3.8.1 付款 Payments

金融机构面临着巨大的压力，要求它们为国家之间的国际贸易提供更快、更有效的支付方式。
There is strong pressure on financial organisations to deliver ever speedier and more efficient means of payment for international trade between countries.

在欧盟内部，限制资金进出国资金转移的外汇管制条例的消失消除了国际资金转移的官方障碍和拖延，但必须保持所有交易的完整和准确的记录，以便进行统计，并帮助侦查洗钱和其他经济犯罪。
Within the EU, the disappearance of exchange control regulations restricting transfers of funds in and out of countries has removed official barriers and delays to international money transmission,although it is important that full and accurate records of all transactions are maintained for statistical purposes, and also to aid detection of money laundering and other economic crimes.

现在，大多数银行为国际金融交易提供全方位的选择，价格反映了交易完成的速度。规则通常是，受益人（卖方）越快收到其账户中的清算资金，交易费用就越高。在当今支持IT的环境中，资金可以通过相互连接的计算机立即转移到世界各地，只需适度的成本即可转移到银行。
Most banks now offer a full range of choices for international financial transactions, with prices reflecting the speed with which the transaction is completed. The rule is generally that the quicker the beneficiary (seller) receives cleared funds in its account, the higher the charge for the transaction. In today’s IT‑enabled environment, funds can be transferred instantaneously around the world by interlinked computers at only a moderate cost to banks.

使银行能够在它们之间进行转账的主要要求是将经核实的指示从一家银行传送和接收到另一家银行，授权收款银行将受益人（卖方）的账户记入贷方。这些指示过去常常通过海运或空运邮件以经签署的文件传送给海外的代理银行，需要花费过多的时间才能采取行动。向每个代理银行发送了载有经授权签署此类指示的人员的标本签名的书籍，以便收件人能够确认信息是真实的，并且在工作人员更换时定期更新此类签名簿。后来，通过电传或电缆在银行之间发送指令，由于缺乏可以验证的签名，消息被编码并携带测试密钥，银行两端都持有代码表簿，从而能够实现身份验证。
The main requirement to enable banks to make transfers between themselves is the transmission and receipt of an authenticated instruction from one bank to another, authorising the recipient bank to credit the account of the beneficiary (seller). Such instructions used to be transmitted by sea or air mail in signed documents to correspondent banks overseas and took an inordinate time to be acted upon. Each correspondent bank was sent books containing specimen signatures of those authorised to sign such instructions, so that messages could be confirmed as authentic by the recipient, and such signature books were regularly updated when staff changed. Later, instructions were sent between banks by telex or cable and, lacking signatures that could be authenticated, the messages were encoded and carried test keys, for which banks at either end held books of code tables, enabling authentication to be achieved.

在这种系统下进行的转账曾经被称为”邮件转账”（MT）、’有线/电汇’（TTs）或’电汇’，而且长期以来，这些系统并排运行，所有系统都根据有关转账的紧迫性使用。如今，资金转帐指令通过计算机的互连，使用”SWIFT”等系统在银行之间几乎即时发送，并且此类转帐往往被称为”国际支付”，”优先支付”，”快递支付”或”普通”或”紧急”付款，具体取决于银行和所需的付款类型。身份验证是通过内置于系统中的加密进行的。
Transfers made under such systems were once called ‘mail transfers’ (MTs), ‘cable/telegraphic transfers’ (TTs) or ‘wire transfers’ and, for a long time, these systems ran side by side, with all being used depending on the urgency of the transfers in question. Nowadays, funds transfer instructions are sent between banks almost instantaneously through the interlinking of computers, using systems such as ‘SWIFT’, and such transfers tend to be called ‘international payments’, ‘priority payments’, ‘express payments’, or ‘ordinary’ or ‘urgent’ payments, depending on the bank and type of payment required. Authentication is by encryption built into the system.

全球最大的安全金融消息传递系统
World’s largest secure financial messaging system
SWIFT（全球银行间金融电信协会）是一个由其成员拥有的合作社。它运营着世界上最大的安全金融消息传递平台，用于传达支付和与支付相关的信息。2021 年 1 月，SWIFT 平均每天处理 4，210 万条个人财务报文（SWIFT，2021 年）。
SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) is a co‑operative owned by its members. It operates the world’s largest secure financial messaging platform for communicating payment and information relating to payments. In January 2021 SWIFT processed on average 42.1 million individual financial messages per day (SWIFT, 2021).

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

CITF-学习笔记（3.8代理银行业务-Correspondent banking）

3.8代理银行业务-Correspondent banking

3.8.1 Payments
3.8.2 ‘Nostro’ and ‘vostro’ accounts
3.8.3 Bookkeeping for transfers of funds
3.8.4 Use of BIC and IBAN
3.8.5 Real‑time gross settlement (RTGS)
3.8.6 Foreign bank accounts
3.8.7 Bank drafts and customer cheques
3.8.8 Disadvantages of using cheques
3.8.9 Continuous linked settlement (CLS)

银行通常需要与其他国家/地区的银行合作，统称为”代理银行”。它们可能是独立的银行或同一组的成员。
banks are often required to work with banks in other countries, collectively referred to as ‘correspondent banks’. They may be separate banks or members of the same group.

For any domestic bank, their correspondents will include:
1.已签订正式代理银行协议的完全独立银行
wholly independent banks with which formal correspondent banking agreements have been reached;
2.在另一个国家经营的子公司或联营公司也受代理银行协议的约束
subsidiary or associate companies operating in another country also subject to a correspondent banking agreement;
3.国有/国有银行
state‑owned/government‑owned banks;
4.境内银行海外分行
overseas branches of the domestic bank.
或者，公司可以使用外国银行在公司所在国的分行的服务进行交易。
Alternatively, a company may use the services of a foreign bank’s branch in the company’s country for a transaction.

银行可以在国外市场开设代表处。这些银行在没有银行执照的情况下运作，在许多情况下无法签订代理银行协议或进行任何交易，但允许银行在另一个国家建立业务(establish a presence ?)。
Banks can open representative offices in foreign markets. These operate without a banking licence and will in many cases not be able to enter into correspondent banking agreements or conduct any transactions but allow the bank to establish a presence in the other country.

如今，在合规和风险政策方面存在许多监管障碍（见第1.6.1节）。因此，维持关系的成本和风险显著增加，许多银行正在减少其代理网络。
Nowadays there are many regulatory obstacles with regard to compliance and risk policies (see section 1.6.1). As such, the cost and risk of maintaining relationships has significantly increased and many banks are reducing their correspondent networks.

无论国内银行与海外代理之间的所有权关系如何，代理银行中使用的机制通常都是相同的。代理银行服务包括：
The mechanisms used in correspondent banking are generally the same whatever the ownership relationship between the domestic bank and the overseas correspondent. Correspondent banking services include:
1.‘nostro’ and ‘vostro’ accounts;
2.SWIFT payments (requiring IBAN and BIC numbers within the EU and a few other countries – see section 3.8.3);
3.real‑time gross settlement (RTGS);
4.overseas bank accounts;
5.bank drafts and customer cheques;
6.continuous linked settlement (CLS);
7.the handling of documentary collections;
8.the issuance and/or confirmation of documentary and standby letters of credit;
9.the issuance of direct or indirect bank guarantees.

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

推荐链接：
本站主页
 CITF学习笔记目录

CITF-学习笔记（3.7.1 银行提供的服务 Services provided by banks）

3.7.1 银行提供的服务 Services provided by banks

Section 2.2.2 covered those services that banks may provide for customers planning to become involved in international trade. The remaining topics cover the services that make it possible for buyers and sellers to reach an agreement about where the balance of risk lies between the transfer of ownership of the goods shipped and being paid.

银行提供的服务可分为以下一般主题：
The services provided by banks can be categorised under the following general headings:
1.providing advice and contact details for other supporting organisations, such as ICC offices;
2.collecting and making payments;
3.take engagements to the benefit of trade such as documentary credits and standby letters of credit;
4.handle documentary and clean collections;
5.handling documents;
6.providing guarantees that customers will fulfil obligations to trading partners;
7.exchanging currencies and protecting customers against currency fluctuations;
8.providing finance.

清收-Clean collection
指示”向提交银行的指示，并附有汇票和发票，但不附有任何限制拥有或拥有相关货物的文件……[和]在收款人所在国银行系统清算范围之外的银行开具支票的指示”
Instructions “to a presenting bank accompanied by a draft and often invoices, but not accompanied by any document restricting possession or ownership of the relevant goods… [and] instructions with a cheque drawn on a bank outside the clearing range of the payee’s country’s banking system” (Global Negotiator, 2021).

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

CITF-学习笔记（3.7银行家/客户关系 The banker/customer relationship）

3.7银行家/客户关系 The banker/customer relationship

3.7.1 银行提供的服务 Services provided by banks

银行是贸易交易中的重要当事方。他们为买家，卖家，运输商和其他人提供各种服务。它们的作用可涉及资助、促进或向其他各方提供咨询。
Banks are important parties in a trade transaction. They offer a variety of services to buyers, sellers,transporters and others. Their role could involve financing, facilitating or advising other parties.These services are explained in section 3.7.1.

管理任何银行/客户关系的一般原则在贸易融资中与银行向其客户提供的任何其他服务一样适用。
The general principles that govern any bank/customer relationship apply as much in trade finance as in any other service provided by a bank to its customer.
The bank, among other duties, has a duty to:
1.通过安全可靠的系统付款
make payment through a secure and reliable system;
2.收取应付给客户的支票和其他票据（如汇票）的金额
collect amounts payable to its customer in respect of cheques and other instruments, such as bills of exchange;
3.提供定期报表
provide regular statements;
4.对客户的事务保密，仅受某些要求披露信息的法律的约束
keep its customer’s affairs confidential, subject only to certain laws that require information to be disclosed;
5.有明确的投诉程序
have a clear complaints procedure;
6.与客户合作，根据洗钱法规防止欺诈和防止犯罪活动
co‑operate with the customer to protect against fraud and to prevent criminal activity in accordance with money‑laundering regulations;
7.根据适用于此类交易的相关规则框架或法律要求，以适当的方式处理单证托收、跟单信用证和银行担保等交易。
handle transactions such as documentary collections, documentary credits and bank guarantees in a suitable manner, according to associated rule frameworks or legal requirements applicable to such transactions.

客户有责任-The customer has a duty to:
1.向银行提供有关其活动及其客户活动的任何合理信息
provide its bank with any reasonable information requested about its activities and those of its customers;
2.按照约定偿还预付款、贷款和其他形式的融资
repay advances, loans and other forms of financing as agreed;
3.支付合理的费用
pay reasonable charges;
4.与银行合作，根据洗钱条例防止欺诈和防止犯罪活动。
co‑operate with the bank to protect against fraud and prevent criminal activity in accordance with money‑laundering regulations.

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

推荐链接：
本站主页
 CITF学习笔记目录

CITF-学习笔记（3.6代理商或分销商 Agents or distributors）

3.6代理商或分销商 Agents or distributors

代理商- AGENT
由出口公司指定的第三方，代表其在特定地理区域或行业部门营销和销售其产品或服务。
A third party appointed by the exporting company to act on its behalf to market and sell its product or service in a particular geographical territory or industry sector.

代理商通常以佣金为基础受雇，通常为一些非竞争性公司工作。通常，他们将协商保留费，任何后续销售都将产生佣金。因为他们是自雇人士，所以他们可以产生的销售额越多，他们就能赚到的越多。
Agents are often employed on a commission basis and usually work for a number of non‑competing companies. Generally, they will negotiate a retainer fee and any subsequent sales will generate a commission. Because they are self‑employed, the more sales they can generate, the more they can earn.

代理协议是在出口公司（委托人）和代理商之间起草的，因此出口公司可以放心地控制其货物的销售对象和价格。该协议还定义了允许代理商销售其产品的地区，因此在任何一个国家/地区，公司雇用多个代理商的服务并不罕见。
Agency agreements are drawn up between the exporting company (the principal) and the agent, so the exporting company can be assured of having some control over who its goods are sold to and at what price. The agreement also defines the territory where the agent is allowed to market its product, so in any one country it is not unusual for a company to employ the services of several agents.

分销商-DISTRIBUTOR
履行与代理商类似的角色，主要区别在于分销商通常直接购买货物，然后在指定区域内以利润出售货物。使用分销商为卖方提供了优势，因为他们通常不对分销商产生的任何损失或索赔负责。然而，主要的缺点是，由于货物已出售给分销商，卖方对销售地点和方式的控制较少。分销协议可以提供一些保护。
Fulfils a similar role to an agent, with the main difference that the distributor usually makes an outright purchase of the goods and then sells them on, again in a specified territory, at a profit. Using a distributor provides an advantage to the seller, as they are not usually responsible for any losses or claims incurred by the distributor. However, the main disadvantage is that as the goods have been sold to the distributor, the seller has less control over where and how they are sold. The distribution agreement can provide some protection.

分销协议可以是单一的经销权，即授予在特定市场销售产品或服务的唯一权利，也可以是选择性的经销权，其中对谁（以及在什么条件下）可以销售产品或服务施加限制。
Distribution agreements can either be sole distributorships, where the sole rights to sell the product or service in a particular market are granted, or a selective distributorship, where restrictions are applied as to whom (and under what conditions) the product or service can be sold.

Table ： Differences between agents and distributors

Agent

Distributor

不取得货物的所有权和控制权，因此不承担风险

Does not take ownership and control of the goods, therefore is not assuming risks

直接购买货物，获得所有权和控制权，承担所有风险

Purchases the goods outright, taking ownership and control, assuming all risks

代表出口公司谈判货物销售，赚取佣金

Negotiates the sale of the goods on behalf of the exporting company for a commission

将货物出售给客户，赚取利润

Sells the goods on to customers, making a profit

无权同意/设定销售价格

Has no authority to agree the sale price

通常有权设定货物的销售价格

Usually has the authority to set the selling price of the goods

通常不为买方提供售后支持

Does not usually provide after-sales support for the buyer

经常提供售后支持
可以是选择性或单一经销
Quite often provides after-sales support
Can be selective or sole distributorships

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

推荐链接：
本站主页
 CITF学习笔记目录

CITF-学习笔记（3.5 间接出口中使用的中间商-Intermediaries used in indirect exporting）

3.5 间接出口中使用的中间商-Intermediaries used in indirect exporting

出口管理公司-Export management companies
出口管理公司将作为卖方的出口部门，并成立以提供全方位的服务。他们将代表卖方行事，以卖方的名义或以自己的名义收取佣金，工资或保留费加佣金。一些较大的出口管理公司可以通过安排融资或直接购买产品为卖方提供即时付款。通常，出口管理公司将拥有产品或市场方面的专业知识，这是对于卖方的主要优势之一。使用这种公司的主要缺点是卖方可能会失去对其产品营销和销售的所有控制权。
Export management companies will act as the export department for the seller and are set up to provide a whole range of services. They will act on behalf of the seller, either in the name of the seller or in their own name for a commission, salary, or retainer fee plus commission. Some of the larger export management companies can provide immediate payment for the seller by either arranging financing or by directly purchasing the product. Typically, the export management company will have expertise either in products or in the market, which is one of the main advantages to the seller. The main disadvantage of using such a firm is that the seller can potentially lose all control over the marketing and sale of its products.

贸易公司-Trading houses
出口贸易公司将直接从制造商处购买商品，并在海外市场销售。它们通常是特定于产品或特定于市场的。一旦他们从制造商那里购买了商品，他们就可以以他们选择的任何价格将它们出售给他们想要的任何人。同样，制造公司将失去所有控制权;但是，好处是会产生额外的销售。
Export trading houses will purchase the goods directly from the manufacturer and sell them on in an overseas market. They are often product‑specific or market‑specific. Once they have purchased the goods from the manufacturer, they are then able to sell them to whoever they wish and at whatever price they choose. Again, the manufacturing company will lose all control; however, the upside is that additional sales are generated.

保付公司-Confirming houses
严格来说，保付公司不是出口公司的入境途径。他们是受外国买家委托从卖家所在国家/地区寻找产品的公司。他们将寻求以最低的价格获得产品，并将由其外国客户支付佣金。在某些情况下，保付公司可能是外国政府机构或准政府机构，其任务是促进其国家的出口贸易。它们提供买方向卖方付款的保证，如果买方的信用评级较差，这将非常有用。一些出口信贷机构可以履行确认机构的角色
Confirming houses are not, strictly speaking, a route to entry for an exporting company. They are firms commissioned by a foreign buyer to find products from the country of the seller. They will seek to obtain the product at the lowest price and will be paid a commission by their foreign client. In some instances, confirming houses may be foreign government agencies or quasi‑government firms that are tasked with promoting export trade for their country. They offer a guarantee of payment to the seller from the buyer, which is useful if the buyer has a poor credit rating. Some export credit agencies can fulfil the role of the confirming house (for more about export credit agencies, see Topic 13).

采购代理（位于卖方所在国家/地区）-
Buying agent (based in the seller’s country)
许多大型海外公司或采购机构将雇用代理商，其职责是为各自的公司或客户寻找产品和购买。他们的立场通常是采购产品并谈判销售合同;但是，由于它们位于买方的母国，因此销售合同将受母国法律的约束。
Many large overseas companies or buying agencies will employ agents whose responsibility is to look for products and buy for their respective companies or clients. Their position is usually to source the product and negotiate the sales contract; however, because they are based in the home country of the buyer, the sales contract would be subject to the home country’s law.

联合营销 Co‑marketing
联合营销是一种安排，其中一个制造商同意分销第二家公司的产品或服务。一个典型的例子是，当一家公司与海外买家签订合同，提供广泛的产品或服务时。供应公司可能没有能力履行整个合同，因此它将转向其他国内公司提供剩余的产品。然后，第二家公司能够将其产品出口到国际市场，这对第二家公司的优势在于，它通常能够出口其产品，分担与出口相关的营销和分销成本。
Co-marketing is an arrangement in which one manufacturer agrees to distribute a second firm’s product or service. A typical example would be when a company has a contract with an overseas buyer to provide a wide range of products or services. The supplying company may not have the capability to fulfil the whole of the contract, so it will turn to other domestic companies to provide the remaining products. This second company is then able to export its products to the international market, which has the advantage to the second company that it is often able to export its product, sharing the marketing and distribution costs associated with exporting.

Check your understanding
What is the difference between direct and indirect exporting?
2.3.1 Direct exporting vs indirect exporting

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

推荐链接：
本站主页
 CITF学习笔记目录

CITF-学习笔记（3.4.1 保险合同的种类 Types of insurance contracts）

3.4.1 保险合同的种类 Types of insurance contracts

种类:2种 There are two types of insurance contracts.
1.一次性：保险合同仅针对一次航行或一次特定装运签订。当货物到达合同中指明的地点时，合同即告终止。在这种情况下，被保险人将从保险公司收到一份保险单。
One‑off: an insurance contract is concluded for one voyage or one specific shipment only. The contract ends when the goods have arrived at the point indicated in the contract. In this case, the insured party will receive an insurance policy from the insurance company.
2.预约保单：大多数活跃于国际业务的公司将与保险公司签订预约保单，以明确的条件（例如仓库到仓库）覆盖其所有货物。年费是根据公司的营业额计算的。如果需要，可以获得保险证书，证明货物在未结保单下投保。
Open policy: most corporates active in international business will conclude an open policy with an insurance company covering all their shipments with well‑defined conditions (eg warehouse‑to‑warehouse). An annual fee is calculated based on the turnover of the corporate. If needed, an insurance certificate can be obtained, evidencing that the goods are insured under an open policy.

仓库到仓库 Warehouse-to-warehouse
保险单中的仓库到仓库条款规定，从一个仓库到另一个仓库的运输货物的承保范围。仓库到仓库条款通常涵盖货物从离开原产地仓库的那一刻起，直到货物到达目的地仓库的那一刻。在运输过程之前和之后为货物投保需要单独承保。
“A warehouse‑to‑warehouse clause in an insurance policy provides for coverage of cargo in transit from one warehouse to another. A warehouse‑to‑warehouse clause usually covers cargo from the moment it leaves the origin‑warehouse until the moment it arrives at the destination‑warehouse.Separate coverage is necessary to insure goods before and after the transit process.” (Liberto, 2021)

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

推荐链接：
本站主页
 CITF学习笔记目录
返回上一级:
3.4 Marine cargo insurance 海运货物保险

CITF-学习笔记（3.4 Marine cargo insurance 海运货物保险）

3.4 Marine cargo insurance 海运货物保险

每当货物在运输过程中时，都存在明显的灭失或损坏风险，这可能会对买方或卖方或两者造成严重的海事事故。
Whenever goods are in transit, there is an obvious risk of loss or damage, which could have serious Marine cargconsequences for either the buyer or the seller, or both.

海运货物保险Marine cargo insurance
涵盖以任何方式（包括公路，铁路，空运和海运）运输时货物丢失或损坏的风险。
Covers the risk of loss or damage to goods while being transported by any method, including road,rail, air and sea.

国际贸易术语解释通则®规则应在商业销售合同中具体规定，它将澄清“交货”的点或地点：风险和责任从卖方转移到买方的时刻。（然而，在2020年国际贸易术语解释通则（Incoterms® 2020）中，成本保险费加运费（CIF）以及运费及保险费付至（CIP）中，11条术语中只这两条实际上规定了谁对提供保险负有具体责任，并且实际上需要文件证据证明保险已经生效。此外，所有Incoterms® rules都规定了货物的赔偿责任从哪一个实体转移到另一个实体。只有CIF和CIP需要卖方保险的证据。
The Incoterms® rule, which should be specified in the commercial contract of sale, will clarify the point or place of ‘delivery’: the point when risk and liability pass from seller to buyer. (However, there are only two out of the 11 Incoterms® 2020 rules Cost,Insurance and Freight (CIF) and Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) that actually state who is specifically liable for providing insurance and which effectively require documentary evidence that insurance has been effected.Furthermore, all Incoterms® rules specify from which point the liability for the goods passes from one entity to the other. Only CIF and CIP require evidence of insurance effected by the seller.

例如，如果适用Incoterms® 2020 rule的 EXW，则一旦卖方向买方发出通知，使他们能够提取货物，卖方的责任即告终止。从那一刻起，货物的风险由买方承担。Incoterms® 2020 rule工厂交货（EXW）没有规定买方必须为货物投保;无论他们是否这样做，都由买方自行决定。如果卖方担心买方可能无法在由其负责的旅程中为货物投保，则卖方可以安排并支付卖方利益的保险。如果货物在运输途中损坏，买方无法支付这些费用，保险将补偿卖方。买方不应被告知存在任何卖方利益保险。
For example, if the Incoterms® 2020 rule EXW applies, the seller’s responsibility ends once the seller has sent a notice to the buyer enabling them to take delivery of the goods. From that moment on, the goods are at the buyer’s risk. Incoterms® 2020 rule Ex Works (EXW) does not stipulate that the buyer has to insure the goods; it is at the buyer’s own discretion whether they do so or not. If the seller fears that the buyer may not insure the goods for the part of the journey that is their responsibility, then the seller could arrange, and pay for, sellers’ interest insurance. Sellers’ interest insurance would compensate the seller if the goods were damaged in transit and as a result the buyer could not pay for them. The buyer should not be advised of the existence of any sellers’ interest insurance.

海运保险是一个专业领域，因此咨询在劳合社注册的专业海事经纪人可能是明智的。或者，可以指示货运代理安排保险。在这种情况下，卖方或买方可能会受益于货运代理的”批量购买力“，他们将为许多客户处理保险。
Marine freight insurance is a specialist area, so it may be wise to consult an expert marine broker registered with Lloyd’s. Alternatively, the freight forwarder could be instructed to arrange the insurance. In such cases, the seller or buyer may benefit from the ‘bulk buying power’ of the freight forwarder, who will be handling insurance for many clients.