3.8代理银行业务-Correspondent banking
3.8.1 Payments
3.8.2 ‘Nostro’ and ‘vostro’ accounts
3.8.3 Bookkeeping for transfers of funds
3.8.4 Use of BIC and IBAN
3.8.5 Real‑time gross settlement (RTGS)
3.8.6 Foreign bank accounts
3.8.7 Bank drafts and customer cheques
3.8.8 Disadvantages of using cheques
3.8.9 Continuous linked settlement (CLS)
银行通常需要与其他国家/地区的银行合作，统称为”代理银行”。它们可能是独立的银行或同一组的成员。
banks are often required to work with banks in other countries, collectively referred to as ‘correspondent banks’. They may be separate banks or members of the same group.
For any domestic bank, their correspondents will include:
1.已签订正式代理银行协议的完全独立银行
wholly independent banks with which formal correspondent banking agreements have been reached;
2.在另一个国家经营的子公司或联营公司也受代理银行协议的约束
subsidiary or associate companies operating in another country also subject to a correspondent banking agreement;
3.国有/国有银行
state‑owned/government‑owned banks;
4.境内银行海外分行
overseas branches of the domestic bank.
或者，公司可以使用外国银行在公司所在国的分行的服务进行交易。
Alternatively, a company may use the services of a foreign bank’s branch in the company’s country for a transaction.
银行可以在国外市场开设代表处。这些银行在没有银行执照的情况下运作，在许多情况下无法签订代理银行协议或进行任何交易，但允许银行在另一个国家建立业务(establish a presence ?)。
Banks can open representative offices in foreign markets. These operate without a banking licence and will in many cases not be able to enter into correspondent banking agreements or conduct any transactions but allow the bank to establish a presence in the other country.
如今，在合规和风险政策方面存在许多监管障碍（见第1.6.1节）。因此，维持关系的成本和风险显著增加，许多银行正在减少其代理网络。
Nowadays there are many regulatory obstacles with regard to compliance and risk policies (see section 1.6.1). As such, the cost and risk of maintaining relationships has significantly increased and many banks are reducing their correspondent networks.
无论国内银行与海外代理之间的所有权关系如何，代理银行中使用的机制通常都是相同的。代理银行服务包括：
The mechanisms used in correspondent banking are generally the same whatever the ownership relationship between the domestic bank and the overseas correspondent. Correspondent banking services include:
1.‘nostro’ and ‘vostro’ accounts;
2.SWIFT payments (requiring IBAN and BIC numbers within the EU and a few other countries – see section 3.8.3);
3.real‑time gross settlement (RTGS);
4.overseas bank accounts;
5.bank drafts and customer cheques;
6.continuous linked settlement (CLS);
7.the handling of documentary collections;
8.the issuance and/or confirmation of documentary and standby letters of credit;
9.the issuance of direct or indirect bank guarantees.
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