分类：CITF

3.8.8 使用支票的缺点-Disadvantages of using cheques

在某些国家/地区，将支票寄出国外可能会违反买方政府的外汇管制规定。买方的银行和受益人的银行通常对处理此类支票收取高额费用。
In some countries, sending a cheque abroad may contravene the exchange control regulations of the buyer’s government. The buyer’s bank and the beneficiary’s bank usually impose heavy charges for handling such cheques.

在收取支票的时间与买方银行实际汇出资金的时间之间不可避免地存在延迟。加快支票清算过程的一种方法是使用”密码箱”设施，这对于向美国销售并由买方支票付款的卖家特别有用。买方被指示将支票邮寄到美国的邮局（PO）箱地址。当地银行每天至少打开一次”密码箱”，并开始清算支票。这个过程大大减少了清算时间，因为支票本身不必从美国到原籍国再返回。银行可以通过与国外代理银行安排来组织”密码箱”设施。
There is an inevitable delay between the time when the cheque is collected and the time when funds are actually remitted by the buyer’s bank. One method of speeding up the process of clearing cheques is to use a ‘lockbox’ facility, which is particularly useful for sellers who sell to the USA and who are paid by the buyer’s cheque. The buyer is instructed to post the cheque to a post office (PO) box address in the USA. A local bank opens the ‘lockbox’ at least once a day and initiates the clearing of the cheques. This process dramatically reduces the clearing time because the cheque itself does not have to go from the USA to the originating country and back again. Banks may be able to organise ‘lockbox’ facilities by making arrangements with correspondent banks abroad.

支票结算
CHEQUE CLEARING
出示支票获得付款的过程。
The process of presenting cheques for payment.
美国每天使用超过2000万张支票，但这只是20年前（美联储，2021年）的三分之一。在许多地区，特别是欧洲，支票的使用正在迅速下降，一些地方已经完全取消了支票，如比利时，荷兰，芬兰和波兰。
Over 20m cheques are used in the USA every day, but this is just a third of the total presented 20 years ago (Federal Reserve, 2021). In many regions, particularly Europe, the use of cheques is declining rapidly, and some places have eliminated them altogether, such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland and Poland.

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

推荐链接：
本站主页
CITF学习笔记目录
返回
3.8代理银行业务-Correspondent banking

3.8.7 银行汇票和客户支票 Bank drafts and customer cheques

~银行汇票~

付款也可以使用银行汇票进行，银行汇票是买方银行开具的一种支票形式，支付给卖方，由买方银行在卖方所在国的代理行支付。如果汇票以卖方自己的货币计算，则资金可以直接记入卖方的账户。如果汇票不是卖方的货币，其银行可以协商汇票，并按现行汇率贷记当地等值货币，但须收取一些费用。其他，银行可将汇票寄给付款银行支取金额。银行之间的结算将通过nostro和vostro账户进行。
Payments can also be made with bank drafts, a form of cheque drawn by a buyer’s bank, payable to the seller and drawn on the buyer’s bank’s correspondent in the seller’s country. If the draft is in the seller’s own currency, the funds can be credited directly to the seller’s account. If the draft is not in the seller’s currency, its bank may negotiate the draft and credit the local currency equivalent at the prevailing exchange rate, subject to any charges. Otherwise, the bank will send the draft to the drawee bank for collection of the proceeds. Settlement between the banks will be via the nostro and vostro accounts.

~支票~

买方可以通过签发自己的支票付款，但须遵守当地的外汇管制条例。卖方的银行可以同意议付支票 – 即贷记卖方的账户 – 或将支票发送给其代理以获得付款，即通过跟单清收。
A buyer can pay by issuing its own cheque, subject to local exchange control regulations. The seller’s bank may either agree to negotiate the cheque – credit the seller’s account immediately – or send the cheque to its correspondent to obtain payment, ie via a documentary collection (see Topic 8).

议付将涉及向卖方收取费用，以支付付款和收款之间向银行支付的利息和手续费。如果支票是外币，则此费用可以计入汇率。议付将是“有追索权”的，即如果支票未支付，银行将从卖方的账户中扣除以收回最初议付的金额。因此，议付措施由银行自行决定。
Negotiation will involve a charge to the seller to cover the interest and handling cost to the bank for the period between making and receiving payment. This charge can be built into the exchange rate if the cheque is in a foreign currency. Negotiation will be ‘with recourse’, ie if the cheque is unpaid, the bank will debit the seller’s account to recover the amount originally negotiated. Negotiation facilities are therefore at the bank’s discretion.

清收：卖方收款的前提是其银行收到来自买方银行的付款。
A collection means that the seller will only get funds when its bank receives payment from the buyer’s bank.

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

推荐链接：
本站主页
CITF学习笔记目录
返回
3.8代理银行业务-Correspondent banking

3.8.6 外国银行账户Foreign bank accounts

希望在其他国家/地区进行或接收定期付款的公司，可能能够开设自己的外国账户。这些公司在其国内银行的代理银行开立账户，或者，如果其银行由同一银行集团的另一成员或分行在国外代表，则可以在该集团成员或分行开立账户。在外国开立账户将受到当地银行账户规则和适用于外国公民账户的任何外汇管制的约束。
A company that expects to make or receive regular payments in another country may be able to open its own foreign account(s). Such companies open an account with their domestic bank’s correspondent bank or, if their bank is represented in the foreign country by another member of the same banking group or by a branch, then an account can be opened with that group member or branch. Opening an account in a foreign country will be subject to any local rules governing bank accounts and to any exchange controls applicable to accounts belonging to foreign nationals.

如果该公司的国内银行是在其与之进行交易的国家/地区有代表的一组银行的成员，则开设外国银行账户可能是管理和转移资金的最有效手段。例如，一家在国外设有子公司的银行可以提供一项服务，使持有该子公司的外国账户的客户能够立即在两国之间转账，并在线提供付款指示。
If the domestic bank of the company is a member of a group of banks with representation in the country with which it is trading, opening a foreign bank account can be a most efficient means of managing and transferring money. For example, a bank with a subsidiary abroad may offer a service that gives its customers with foreign accounts held with that subsidiary the ability to transfer money instantly between the two countries, giving payment instructions online.

外国银行还可以提供专业服务，如零平衡，净额结算，清扫等 – 所有这些都使公司能够优化其现金状况。
The foreign bank may also offer specialised services such as zero‑balancing, netting, sweeping, etc –all of which enable a company to optimise its cash position.

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

推荐链接：
本站主页
CITF学习笔记目录
返回
3.8代理银行业务-Correspondent banking

3.8.1 付款 Payments

金融机构面临着巨大的压力，要求它们为国家之间的国际贸易提供更快、更有效的支付方式。
There is strong pressure on financial organisations to deliver ever speedier and more efficient means of payment for international trade between countries.

在欧盟内部，限制资金进出国资金转移的外汇管制条例的消失消除了国际资金转移的官方障碍和拖延，但必须保持所有交易的完整和准确的记录，以便进行统计，并帮助侦查洗钱和其他经济犯罪。
Within the EU, the disappearance of exchange control regulations restricting transfers of funds in and out of countries has removed official barriers and delays to international money transmission,although it is important that full and accurate records of all transactions are maintained for statistical purposes, and also to aid detection of money laundering and other economic crimes.

现在，大多数银行为国际金融交易提供全方位的选择，价格反映了交易完成的速度。规则通常是，受益人（卖方）越快收到其账户中的清算资金，交易费用就越高。在当今支持IT的环境中，资金可以通过相互连接的计算机立即转移到世界各地，只需适度的成本即可转移到银行。
Most banks now offer a full range of choices for international financial transactions, with prices reflecting the speed with which the transaction is completed. The rule is generally that the quicker the beneficiary (seller) receives cleared funds in its account, the higher the charge for the transaction. In today’s IT‑enabled environment, funds can be transferred instantaneously around the world by interlinked computers at only a moderate cost to banks.

使银行能够在它们之间进行转账的主要要求是将经核实的指示从一家银行传送和接收到另一家银行，授权收款银行将受益人（卖方）的账户记入贷方。这些指示过去常常通过海运或空运邮件以经签署的文件传送给海外的代理银行，需要花费过多的时间才能采取行动。向每个代理银行发送了载有经授权签署此类指示的人员的标本签名的书籍，以便收件人能够确认信息是真实的，并且在工作人员更换时定期更新此类签名簿。后来，通过电传或电缆在银行之间发送指令，由于缺乏可以验证的签名，消息被编码并携带测试密钥，银行两端都持有代码表簿，从而能够实现身份验证。
The main requirement to enable banks to make transfers between themselves is the transmission and receipt of an authenticated instruction from one bank to another, authorising the recipient bank to credit the account of the beneficiary (seller). Such instructions used to be transmitted by sea or air mail in signed documents to correspondent banks overseas and took an inordinate time to be acted upon. Each correspondent bank was sent books containing specimen signatures of those authorised to sign such instructions, so that messages could be confirmed as authentic by the recipient, and such signature books were regularly updated when staff changed. Later, instructions were sent between banks by telex or cable and, lacking signatures that could be authenticated, the messages were encoded and carried test keys, for which banks at either end held books of code tables, enabling authentication to be achieved.

在这种系统下进行的转账曾经被称为”邮件转账”（MT）、’有线/电汇’（TTs）或’电汇’，而且长期以来，这些系统并排运行，所有系统都根据有关转账的紧迫性使用。如今，资金转帐指令通过计算机的互连，使用”SWIFT”等系统在银行之间几乎即时发送，并且此类转帐往往被称为”国际支付”，”优先支付”，”快递支付”或”普通”或”紧急”付款，具体取决于银行和所需的付款类型。身份验证是通过内置于系统中的加密进行的。
Transfers made under such systems were once called ‘mail transfers’ (MTs), ‘cable/telegraphic transfers’ (TTs) or ‘wire transfers’ and, for a long time, these systems ran side by side, with all being used depending on the urgency of the transfers in question. Nowadays, funds transfer instructions are sent between banks almost instantaneously through the interlinking of computers, using systems such as ‘SWIFT’, and such transfers tend to be called ‘international payments’, ‘priority payments’, ‘express payments’, or ‘ordinary’ or ‘urgent’ payments, depending on the bank and type of payment required. Authentication is by encryption built into the system.

全球最大的安全金融消息传递系统
World’s largest secure financial messaging system
SWIFT（全球银行间金融电信协会）是一个由其成员拥有的合作社。它运营着世界上最大的安全金融消息传递平台，用于传达支付和与支付相关的信息。2021 年 1 月，SWIFT 平均每天处理 4，210 万条个人财务报文（SWIFT，2021 年）。
SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) is a co‑operative owned by its members. It operates the world’s largest secure financial messaging platform for communicating payment and information relating to payments. In January 2021 SWIFT processed on average 42.1 million individual financial messages per day (SWIFT, 2021).

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

推荐链接：
本站主页
CITF学习笔记目录
返回
3.8代理银行业务-Correspondent banking

3.8代理银行业务-Correspondent banking

3.8.1 Payments
3.8.2 ‘Nostro’ and ‘vostro’ accounts
3.8.3 Bookkeeping for transfers of funds
3.8.4 Use of BIC and IBAN
3.8.5 Real‑time gross settlement (RTGS)
3.8.6 Foreign bank accounts
3.8.7 Bank drafts and customer cheques
3.8.8 Disadvantages of using cheques
3.8.9 Continuous linked settlement (CLS)

银行通常需要与其他国家/地区的银行合作，统称为”代理银行”。它们可能是独立的银行或同一组的成员。
banks are often required to work with banks in other countries, collectively referred to as ‘correspondent banks’. They may be separate banks or members of the same group.

For any domestic bank, their correspondents will include:
1.已签订正式代理银行协议的完全独立银行
wholly independent banks with which formal correspondent banking agreements have been reached;
2.在另一个国家经营的子公司或联营公司也受代理银行协议的约束
subsidiary or associate companies operating in another country also subject to a correspondent banking agreement;
3.国有/国有银行
state‑owned/government‑owned banks;
4.境内银行海外分行
overseas branches of the domestic bank.
或者，公司可以使用外国银行在公司所在国的分行的服务进行交易。
Alternatively, a company may use the services of a foreign bank’s branch in the company’s country for a transaction.

银行可以在国外市场开设代表处。这些银行在没有银行执照的情况下运作，在许多情况下无法签订代理银行协议或进行任何交易，但允许银行在另一个国家建立业务(establish a presence ?)。
Banks can open representative offices in foreign markets. These operate without a banking licence and will in many cases not be able to enter into correspondent banking agreements or conduct any transactions but allow the bank to establish a presence in the other country.

如今，在合规和风险政策方面存在许多监管障碍（见第1.6.1节）。因此，维持关系的成本和风险显著增加，许多银行正在减少其代理网络。
Nowadays there are many regulatory obstacles with regard to compliance and risk policies (see section 1.6.1). As such, the cost and risk of maintaining relationships has significantly increased and many banks are reducing their correspondent networks.

无论国内银行与海外代理之间的所有权关系如何，代理银行中使用的机制通常都是相同的。代理银行服务包括：
The mechanisms used in correspondent banking are generally the same whatever the ownership relationship between the domestic bank and the overseas correspondent. Correspondent banking services include:
1.‘nostro’ and ‘vostro’ accounts;
2.SWIFT payments (requiring IBAN and BIC numbers within the EU and a few other countries – see section 3.8.3);
3.real‑time gross settlement (RTGS);
4.overseas bank accounts;
5.bank drafts and customer cheques;
6.continuous linked settlement (CLS);
7.the handling of documentary collections;
8.the issuance and/or confirmation of documentary and standby letters of credit;
9.the issuance of direct or indirect bank guarantees.

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

推荐链接：
本站主页
CITF学习笔记目录