月份：2022年2月

CITF-TOPIC 2- Trade missions, exhibitions and shows 学习笔记

2.2.1 贸易代表团、展览展示-Trade missions, exhibitions and shows

贸易代表团由代表其公司的一组个人协调海外访问。
Trade missions are co‑ordinated overseas visits by a group of individuals representing their company.

The aim is for them to meet potential overseas buyers or sellers. A company will usually attend a trade mission after it has completed its initial market research and identified its potential new market. Trade missions are often organised by chambers of commerce, industry bodies or local trade associations. Many government departments that are responsible for international trade also organise trade missions. The delegation（代表团） that goes out will involve a mixture of businesses and some representation from the organisers. Sometimes companies that provide services in international trade, such as banks, freight forwarders or lawyers specialising in international law, will attend. In some cases, grants（拨款？） are available for companies wishing to attend trade missions. These are co‑ordinated to coincide with trade exhibitions or trade shows.这些都经过协调，以配合贸易展览或贸易展览。

展览或贸易展览，有时被称为”博览会”，是公司向潜在买家展示其最新产品和服务的活动。
An exhibition or trade show, sometimes referred to as an ‘expo’, is an event where companies exhibit their latest products and services to potential buyers.

They can be industry specific or general, where products from several sectors are displayed. Trade shows are usually held annually. However, some such as the Canton Fair广交会 (also known as the China Import and Export Fair) are held twice a year and attract visitors from all over the world. This is China’s largest trade show, and it is held every April and October. It incorporates a complete range of the latest Chinese goods.

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
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http://examcn.net/2022/02/02/citf-topic-2-research-and-networking-%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0/

CITF最新报名信息-关于启动2022年国际贸易金融专家（CITF）考试报名的通知

关于启动2022年国际贸易金融专家（CITF）考试报名的通知

一、报名流程

1. 网上报名

CITF考试采取网上报名方式。考生请登陆 http://www.ccpit.org/ ，在页面中部“贸促服务”项下“培训考试”的“考试”模块，找到“国际贸易金融专家（CITF）考试报名通知”，在通知下方的报名入口进行网上报名。根据工作规定，培训中心只接受网上报名。

考生邮箱很重要，用于接收报名成功的确认邮件以及后续重要邮件，建议考生使用常用邮箱，因考生工作邮箱受限较多，避免使用工作邮箱用于报名注册。

首次报名(Registration)和补考报名(Resit)的报名截止时间均为2022年12月31日。

2. 缴纳报名费

考生提交报名信息后即可汇款。培训中心仅接受网上银行/手机银行转账，请考生在汇款后将电子汇款凭证截屏或拷贝后通过电子邮件发送至指定邮箱（citfchina@ccpit.org）。

汇款时，考生或代付款人必须在附言中注明考生姓名及考试名称，如“李明 CITF”。在填写完整报名信息并完成汇款后，请考生于汇款后三个工作日登录报名页面并查看报名状态。若款项已到账则考生报名状态会从“报名成功”变更至“缴费成功”。若汇款一周后，报名状态仍未改变，请联系工作人员询问。如遇周末或节假日，变更状态时间将顺延。

3. 确认邮件及激活LIBF账户

考生提交报名信息并成功汇款后，将在一周内收到由LIBF发送的确认邮件（Confirmation Email）。

收到LIBF确认邮件后，考生应在一周内登录LIBF官网（www.mylibf.com）并激活账号。上述邮件信息十分重要，请考生务必注意保存。

如考生在缴费成功后两周内仍未收到确认邮件，请与培训中心联系。

4. 复习材料

CITF考试无纸质教材。在收到英方确认邮件并成功激活LIBF账户后，所有考生（首次及补考报名）可在myLIBF账户阅读电子版教材。

二、费用

首次参加CITF考试的报名费（Registration）为6200元人民币，补考费(Resit)为4000元人民币。上述费用包括考试资格及发票寄送，不包括前去机考中心的食宿交通费用及其它任何未列明的费用。

三、汇款账户

收款人：中国国际贸易促进委员会（中国国际商会）培训中心

开户行：中国光大银行学院路支行

账 号：7505 0188 0001 41075

四、发票

考生在填写报名信息时选择需要开具发票的类型（增值税普通发票，增值税专用发票）并提交相应信息。

发票内容均为“CITF考试费”。

增值税专用发票采取纸质发票。需要开具增值税专用发票的考生，请在信息提交成功之后在报名后台上传个人名片。发票寄出后会将快递单号发送至考生预留邮箱。

增值税普通发票采用电子发票，考生将电子发票打印即可用于财务报销，电子发票与纸质发票有同等效力。电子发票开具完成将通过手机短信及电子邮件的形式发送至考生，请考生注意留意短信及邮件。发票开具时间不单独通知，请考生在缴费完成后的两个月内保持关注邮箱，注意查收来自“诺诺网”的邮件。

【重要须知】因考试有效期为12个月，为方便考生报销，考生可在报名界面自行选择“发票于款项到账当年开具”或“发票于款项到账次年开具”：

选择“发票于款项到账当年开具”，增值税发票开具时间一般在缴费完成后的两个月内；

选择“发票于款项到账次年开具”，增值税发票开具时间一般在次年1月31日前统一开具。发票开具时间不再另行通知。

发票一经开出，将不接受任何调换与修改，请考生谨慎填写发票信息,请务必确认发票抬头填写完整，相关税号等信息准确无误。培训中心对因考生本人信息填写失误造成的损失概不负责。

五、机考时间、改期和地点

1.机考时间：考试时间由考生自行预约。请注意，考试需在考生完成缴费并确认考试资格后的12个月内完成。超过12个月仍未参加考试将视为放弃考试。需要重新按照补考身份报名缴费。考生可在myLIBF账户主页找到考试截止日期（Registration Expiry Date）。

2.机考改期：考生自行预约机考中心考期考位成功后，若考生因故无法参加，可在规定时间内（务必在考前3个工作日）自行通过Pearson Vue网站重新查看可用的机考中心并免费改期。新预约完成后，考生会收到来自Pearson Vue发出的新确认邮件。

在12个月有效期内，考生只要提前3个工作日重新预约，则没有改期次数限制。但若在截止日期前仍未参加考试，则视为考生放弃考试资格。

建议考生尽早预约考试，避免因机考中心考期考位排满无法参加考试，引起不必要的损失。一般建议提前6个月预约，最迟不晚于考试有效期前2个月预约。

3.机考地点：考生将通过Pearson Vue系统自行预约机考中心考点。目前Pearson Vue在全国29个省市自治区设有机考中心，包括：安徽，北京，重庆，福建，甘肃，广东，广西，贵州，海南，河北，黑龙江，河南，湖北，湖南，江苏，江西，吉林，辽宁，内蒙古，青海，陕西，山东，上海，山西，四川，天津，新疆，云南，浙江（此名单仅供参考，具体城市以Pearson Vue信息为准）。

六、机考预约步骤（图解见考生必读）

1. 登录myLIBF学习界面

2. 点击“Important Registration Information”

3. 在“Assessment”项下可见用于Pearson Vue首次登陆的“User Name/Password”及其他注意事项

4. 点击“Home”返回myLIBF学习界面

5. 左侧“Useful Links”选择“Book an exam with Pearson Vue”

6. 输入Username及Password进行首次登陆密码变更，随后按步骤选择考试城市，考试时间并确认预约。

7. 预约确认后，考生将会在一小时内收到由Pearson Vue发送的英文确认邮件。如未收到确认邮件，请考生跟Pearson Vue客服联系确认（联系电话：400 120 0832）。

8. 考生在myLIBF账户可查看到预约成功的机考时间及地点。

9. 考生如因故无法按照预约时间参加考试，请务必至少提前三个工作日通过上述步骤在myLIBF账户内重新预约考试时间。

七、考试资格转让及退考

1. 考试资格转让

根据LIBF规定，CITF考试资格不能转让他人。代考或违反其他考场纪律者，将被取消考试资格和证书授予资格，并不予退款。

2.退考政策

考生缴费成功后2周内可向培训中心申请退考，培训中心在征得LIBF同意后会为考生办理退考手续，退款费用需扣除汇款手续费；2周后，不再接受任何理由的退考。

八、考题设置和评分标准

CITF考试时间为2个小时，满分100分，共100道题，全英文测试。考试共分为两个部分，A部分包括80道选择题，以CITF考试指导(The Guide to International Trade and Finance)内容为基础。B部分共计20题，包括4道案例题（每道案例题包含5个选择题，共计20题）。考生的答题正确率高于70%方能通过。

九、证书寄送和补制

首次通过或补考通过的考试证书将在成绩公布后约两个月寄送，如需要修改邮寄地址，考生需提前邮件通知培训中心工作人员。

若考生证书不慎丢失，可向培训中心申请办理证书补制手续。考生需填写《补制申请书》并缴纳600元补制费用。培训中心受理后将代考生向LIBF申请并约四周后寄送新证书。

十、考务查询

关于CITF考试，请关注网站通知。

考试报名联系人：邓默

电 话：010-82217209

指定邮箱：citfchina@ccpit.org

QQ 群：53839192

微信公众号：ccpit_training

十一、机考中心Pearson Vue 预约及查询

周一至周五，9：00-18:00

中国大陆：400 120 0832

十二、发票、汇款事宜查询

联系人：常青

邮 箱：changqing@ccpit.org

十三、相关网站

中国贸促会网站：www.ccpit.org

myLIBF学习系统：www.mylibf.com

Pearson Vue预约系统：www.pearsonvue.co.uk/libf

CITF学习网站：www.examcn.net

什么是CITF?

 

国际贸易金融专家(Certificate in Trade and Finance,简称CITF)

国际贸易金融专家（CITF）考试是由国际商会(ICC)授权，由伦敦银行与金融学院（LIBF）开发，由对外贸易银行业者协会（BAFT）支持，并在全球共同推出的资格认证项目。

CITF考试证书可以给CDCS/CSDG/CTFC/CSCF考试证书积分。在36学分体系下，通过考试可给CDCS/CSDG/CSCF获得25学分，给CTFC获得9学分

CITF考试涵盖的内容有哪些？

·贸易环境分析
·制定贸易合同的程序
·中间机构及其运作模式分析
·单据在国际贸易中的应用和国际贸易术语2020
·结算方式
·跟单托收业务
·跟单信用证业务
·短期、中期和长期贸易金融
·伊斯兰贸易融资
·保函和备用证
·出口信用风险
·外汇和汇率风险
·金融犯罪
·BPOs介绍
·数字经济,如：数字化转型与创新，分布式账本技术，如：区块链、智能合约，物联网（智能对象），人工智能，平台化，云计算，多银行贸易解决方案，如：MT798格式，贸易数字化交易统一规则（URDTT）

CITF-TOPIC 2.2- Research and networking 学习笔记

2.2调查与网络化-Research and networking

网络调查流行的同时，面对面的实地调查仍是无可替代。（Businesses should research new markets in order to trade successfully. Most research is now done online. Networking is also carried out via web‑based digital services such as social media. However, there is no substitute for visiting a country in person and meeting representatives of the business you wish to trade with face to face.）

网络（社交？）-Networking
Other people who have recent experience in international trade are often an excellent source of advice and information. Local chambers of commerce or trade associations will often arrange seminars or networking events where businesses can meet and share experiences. For example, representatives from companies that have penetrated new markets may participate in a panel discussion sharing their experience and providing insights into pitfalls and successes来自已经进入新市场的公司的代表可以参加小组讨论，分享他们的经验，并提供对陷阱和成功的见解.

政府部门-Government departments
Most governments have departments dedicated to helping exporting companies explore new markets. Some also provide advice on importing goods. Embassies（大使馆）are also an excellent source of information for prospective buyers and sellers.

商会-Chambers of commerce
Through education and networking opportunities they help promote understanding between businesses in different countries, thus reducing risks. Some chambers of commerce also have regional offices. In addition, some also work with their counterparts in other countries to promote trade. An example is the Franco‑British Chamber法英商会 in France. Chambers of commerce should be the first point of contact for sellers entering a new market. They usually specialise in local products and are often able to advise on technical requirements.

Services offered may include:
•运输和物流、贸易融资和国际单证方面的培训课程（ training courses in transport and logistics, trade finance and international documentation）;
• 翻译服务和国别报告（translation services and country reports）;
• 定制市场研究匹配买家和卖家（bespoke market research matching buyers and sellers）;
• 海外贸易代表团（overseas trade missions）; and
• 有关国际展览和贸易展览的信息（information on international exhibitions and trade shows (see section 2.2.1)）.
While chambers of commerce often have a far-reaching role in promoting international trade, only governments are able to ratify official trade agreements between countries.**虽然商会在促进国际贸易方面往往发挥着深远的作用，但只有政府才能批准国家之间的官方贸易协定。**

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

CITF-TOPIC 2- Risks relating to trade‑based financial crime 学习笔记

与基于贸易的金融犯罪有关的风险-Risks relating to trade‑based financial crime

在国际贸易中，交易具有欺诈性、违反制裁或违反反洗钱条例的风险始终存在。
参与任何交易的所有各方都应提出以下问题。如果对任何一个问题的答案是否定的，则需要进一步调查。
In international trade, there is an ever‑present risk that a transaction is fraudulent, in breach of sanctions or has contravened anti‑money‑laundering regulations.
All parties involved in any transaction should ask the following questions. If the answer to any is negative, further investigation is necessary.
• Is the transaction consistent with other regular business activities?
• Are the goods of a type commonly traded between the two countries?
• Are any of the countries involved in the transaction considered to be high risk or subject to sanctions?
• Is the invoice price consistent with the retail price of the goods/ services?
• Are the goods ‘dual use’, ie could they be used either for military or non‑military purposes（军事或非军事目的）?
• Are there any signs of, or connections with, possible terrorist financing?
• Have background checks on the counterparty been carried out? Has any negative
information been revealed?
• Has the transaction been structured in an unusually complex way?

降低风险的方法-POSSIBLE MITIGATION METHOD
需要进行深入研究以应对这些风险。在第一次与有关政党做生意时，这一点尤其必要。
In‑depth research is required to counter each of these risks. This is particularly necessary when doing business for the first time with the party in question.

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

http://examcn.net/2022/01/22/citf-topic-2-risks-involved-in-international-trade-%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0/

CITF-TOPIC 2-Administrative risk 学习笔记

行政风险-Administrative risk
文件（单据？）不完整或不正确-Incomplete or incorrect documents

行政风险与不完整或不正确的海关或进出口文件有关。这可能导致货物在边境、港口或机场被封锁。在极端情况下，货物也可能被没收或退还给发件人。（Administrative risk relates to incomplete or incorrect customs or import/export documents. This could result in goods being blocked at the border or at ports or airports. In extreme circumstances, goods can also be confiscated or returned to the sender.）

与跟单信用证有关的困难-Difficulties related to documentary credits

此外，根据国际商会规则完成所需的单据远非易事。错误或丢失文件可能导致货物交付延迟，成本增加和付款延迟。（In addition, completing the required documentation under ICC rules is far from easy. Mistakes or missing documents can lead to delays in the delivery of goods, increases in cost and payment delays.）

与跟单托收有关的困难-Difficulties related to documentary collections

在跟单托收所需的单据中，错误较少，因为与跟单信用证相比，这些错误的挑战性较小。但是，如果买家没有收到清关或任何其他管理目的所需的文件，他们可能无法付款。（Mistakes are less frequent in the documentation required for documentary collections as these are less challenging when compared with documentary credits. However, if a buyer does not receive the documents necessary for customs clearance, or any other administrative purpose, they might not be able to make payment. ）

降低风险的方法-POSSIBLE MITIGATION METHOD

在准备所需的出口文件（单据）时应格外小心。应事先收集尽可能多的信息。（Utmost care should be taken while preparing the required export documentation. As much information as possible should be collected beforehand.）

注意事项:
1.本学习笔记仅用于本博客的交流学习，相关学习笔记均为本站整理资料。
2.欢迎读者交流分享，转载请注明出处“WWW.考试.NET”并严禁用于商业用途。
3.欢迎在博客下端评论、提出学习见解，本博客将尽快回复，对好的意见进行收录整理！

http://examcn.net/2022/01/22/citf-topic-2-risks-involved-in-international-trade-%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0/

CITF-TOPIC 2-Manufacturing risk 学习笔记

制造风险- Manufacturing risk

As long as a seller is dealing in manufactured goods, there will be a production process and various associated risks involved. Much investment is required before these goods are ready for sale and delivery.

All manufactured goods require investment. For example, a machine may need to be
conditioned for a particular customer or goods may need specific packing or labelling. If, for any reason, the buyer cancels the contract during that process, the investment made will be lost. The size of the loss will depend on that of the investment made or on the likelihood that the goods can be sold to another party.

减少风险的方法-POSSIBLE MITIGATION METHODS
The following methods are possible:
•处罚条款 – 一些卖家能够在合同中加入处罚条款。但它们是可执行的吗？这将取决于法律和监管环境。
Penalty clauses – some sellers are able to incorporate penalty clauses in their contracts. But are they enforceable? This will depend on the legal and regulatory environment.
•不可撤销性 – 跟单信用证是不可撤销的。因此，未经卖方同意，不能修改或取消。如果买方想要取消合同，他们可能也想取消跟单信用证。卖方可能不同意买方的取消或修改请求。如果发生这种情况，他们将运送货物并出示原始信用证中指定的单据。然后，买方将有义务付款并取货。
Irrevocability – a documentary credit is irrevocable. Therefore, it cannot be amended or cancelled without the seller’s agreement. If the buyer wants to cancel the contract, they may want to cancel the documentary credit as well. The seller may not agree to a cancellation or amendment request from the buyer. If this happens, they will ship the goods and present the documents as specified in the original version of the credit. The buyer will then be obliged to pay and take up the goods.

 

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CITF-TOPIC 2-Price fluctuation risk 学习笔记

价格波动风险-Price fluctuation risk

国内国际贸易都有这个风险。This risk exists for both domestic and international trade.

Traders dealing in commodities with volatile market prices are sometimes required to take risky positions. Prices of oil, chemicals, soft commodities (such as sugar, cocoa, cotton and coffee) as well as certain metals (such as steel) are known for their volatility波动.
When concluding a contract, sellers may be confronted面临 with higher than expected prices for commodities that they are required to sell. As a result, the purchase prices of these commodities may be higher than the prices they will receive from their buyers. If prices move in the opposite direction, this will have a similar negative effect on buyers. The increase in prices of raw materials required to manufacture goods may also have a negative impact. This could cause the seller’s profit margin to decrease or even disappear altogether.

降低风险的方法-POSSIBLE MITIGATION METHODS
The following methods are possible:
•讨价还价地位 – 卖方或买方处于较强的讨价还价地位，可能能够谈判其合同中的价格波动条款。但是，这并不总是可能的。
Bargaining position – sellers or buyers in a strong bargaining position might be able to negotiate price fluctuation clauses in their contracts. However, this is not always possible.
•固定价格 – 如果付款是通过跟单信用证协商的，则卖方可以确定货物的固定价格，而不管市场价格的变动如何。由于跟单信用证是不可撤销的，买方必须按合同上规定的价格接受货物。
Fixed price – if payment is negotiated through a documentary credit, a seller can be certain of a fixed price for goods, irrespective of the movement of the market price. Since a documentary credit is irrevocable, the buyer will have to accept the goods at the price specified on the contract.
•对冲 – 商品公司或金融机构提供通过期货或其他衍生品对冲价格波动风险的可能性。
Hedging – commodity houses or financial institutions offer the possibility of hedging price fluctuation risk by means of futures or other derivatives.

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CITF-TOPIC 2-Legal risk 学习笔记

法律风险-Legal risk

•知识产权——在某些国家保护技术的专利是否会在其他国家得到尊重？
Intellectual property – will patents专利 that protect technology in some countries be respected  in other countries?
•法律制度 – 国家之间的不同法律是否会影响基础合同的解释方式？
Legal systems – will different laws between countries affect the way an underlying contract is interpreted?
•法院的独立性 – 判例和法院的独立性是什么？如果发生诉讼，这可能会对卖方或买方的立场产生严重影响。
Independence of courts – what is the situation of jurisprudence and independence of courts? This can have a serious effect on a seller’s or a buyer’s position should a lawsuit arise.
•国际协议和当地法律 – 当地贸易法是否考虑国际协议？
International agreements and local law – do local trade laws take international agreements into consideration?
•付款禁令 – 买家在他们的国家获得付款禁令或法院的难易程度？
Payment injunctions – how easy is it for buyers to get payment injunctions or court attachments in their country?
•当地接受ICC规则 – 当地实践和法规在多大程度上接受ICC的UCP 600，URC 522，URDG 745或ISP98等国际惯例？
Local acceptance of ICC rules – to what extent do local practices and regulations accept frameworks such as ICC’s UCP 600, URC 522, URDG 745 or ISP98?

降低风险的办法-POSSIBLE MITIGATION METHOD
Both parties should conduct their own research and seek legal advice from competent law firms. The legal risk connected to some settlement methods can be mitigated by using ICC’s rules.

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CITF-TOPIC 2-Foreign exchange and interest rate fluctuation risk 学习笔记

外汇及利率波动风险-Foreign exchange and interest rate fluctuation risk
议价能力-Bargaining power

谁的议价能力强，就由谁决定使用其货币。（The choice of currency used is largely determined by the relative bargaining power or by customs and practice. If the seller is in a strong bargaining position, payment is likely to be made in the seller’s currency. The opposite will apply if the buyer is in a strong bargaining position.）

以美元计价的商品-Commodities denominated in US dollars

一些商品，如石油，无论买方或卖方位于何种地位，总是以美元计价。Some commodities, such as oil, are always denominated in US dollars regardless of where the buyer or seller is based. Both parties will, therefore, inevitably不可避免地 face foreign exchange risk.

利率波动-Interest rate fluctuation

与汇率波动一样，利率变动会影响融资成本，导致意外的损失或利润。As with fluctuations in exchange rates, interest rate movements can affect the cost of financing, resulting in an unexpected loss or profit. It is beyond the scope of this qualification to explain interest rate fluctuation in more detail.

一些降低风险的方法-POSSIBLE MITIGATION METHODS

1.买卖方可能会在合同中加入随利率、汇率波动的价格条款。If the buyer or the seller is in a strong bargaining position, they will be able to include price fluctuation clauses in their contracts. The price of the goods will then fluctuate according to the movement of exchange rates or interest rates.

2.银行可以提供产品来降低货币兑换和利率波动风险。Banks can offer products to mitigate currency exchange and interest rate fluctuation risk.
• 远期交易合约-Forward exchange contracts – these are used to fix future currency exchange rates.
• 货币兑换期权-Currency exchange options – buyers of options are protected against exchange rate fluctuations that are to their disadvantage.
• 远期费率协议-Forward rate agreements – buyers or sellers can mitigate interest rate fluctuation risk through forward rate agreements or various other interest rate options.

对冲-HEDGING
企业或投资者通过采取倾向于相互抵消的头寸来限制风险的做法。“The practice by which a business or investor limits risk by taking positions that tend to offset each other.” (Dictionary.com, 2021)

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