2022年3月 – 第4页

CITF-学习笔记（3.8.6 外国银行账户Foreign bank accounts）

3.8.6 外国银行账户Foreign bank accounts

希望在其他国家/地区进行或接收定期付款的公司，可能能够开设自己的外国账户。这些公司在其国内银行的代理银行开立账户，或者，如果其银行由同一银行集团的另一成员或分行在国外代表，则可以在该集团成员或分行开立账户。在外国开立账户将受到当地银行账户规则和适用于外国公民账户的任何外汇管制的约束。
A company that expects to make or receive regular payments in another country may be able to open its own foreign account(s). Such companies open an account with their domestic bank’s correspondent bank or, if their bank is represented in the foreign country by another member of the same banking group or by a branch, then an account can be opened with that group member or branch. Opening an account in a foreign country will be subject to any local rules governing bank accounts and to any exchange controls applicable to accounts belonging to foreign nationals.

如果该公司的国内银行是在其与之进行交易的国家/地区有代表的一组银行的成员，则开设外国银行账户可能是管理和转移资金的最有效手段。例如，一家在国外设有子公司的银行可以提供一项服务，使持有该子公司的外国账户的客户能够立即在两国之间转账，并在线提供付款指示。
If the domestic bank of the company is a member of a group of banks with representation in the country with which it is trading, opening a foreign bank account can be a most efficient means of managing and transferring money. For example, a bank with a subsidiary abroad may offer a service that gives its customers with foreign accounts held with that subsidiary the ability to transfer money instantly between the two countries, giving payment instructions online.

外国银行还可以提供专业服务，如零平衡，净额结算，清扫等 – 所有这些都使公司能够优化其现金状况。
The foreign bank may also offer specialised services such as zero‑balancing, netting, sweeping, etc –all of which enable a company to optimise its cash position.

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CITF-学习笔记（3.8.5 实时总结算 Real‑time gross settlement (RTGS)）

3.8.5 实时总结算 Real‑time gross settlement (RTGS)

银行也可以代表自己、代表客户和其他大型机构使用电子清算和结算系统。
Banks, on their own behalf and on behalf of their customers and other large institutions, can also access electronic clearing and settlement systems.

一个例子是英国的CHAPS（清算机构自动支付系统）。CHAPS支付系统由律所等使用，以便在完成房产购买时付款。CHAPS在成员银行之间提供当日安全、安全的英镑或欧元资金电子转账服务，这项服务称为RTGS。
An example is the UK‑based CHAPS (Clearing House Automated Payment System). The CHAPS payment system is used by, among others, solicitors to make payments when a property purchase is completed. CHAPS provides a same‑day, secure electronic transfer of funds in either pounds sterling or euro between member banks, a service known as RTGS.

REAL‑TIME GROSS SETTLEMENT (RTGS)
一种支付系统，以电子方式，实时（即时）和一对一的方式在银行之间转移和结算付款。
A payment system that transfers and settles payments between banks electronically, in real time (instantaneously) and on a one‑to‑one basis.

通过 SWIFT 报文或 RTGS 系统进行的付款是无法收回的。一旦发送，即使它们被错误发送，也不能提取或取消，除非收件人同意退还款项
Payments made either via SWIFT messages or by RTGS systems are irrecoverable. They cannot be withdrawn or cancelled once sent, even if they have been sent in error, unless the recipient agrees to return the money

TARGET2在欧盟提供了一个直接的支付平台，成员国没有自己的RTGS系统也能参与。
TARGET2 provides a direct payment platform in the EU without the involvement of the member country’s own RTGS systems.

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CITF-学习笔记（3.8.4 Use of BIC and IBAN）

3.8.4 Use of BIC and IBAN

银行要求欧盟境内的所有转账都包含完整且清晰的收款人银行和账户详细信息。这些被称为银行标识符代码（BIC）和国际银行帐号（IBAN）详细信息，通常在经常账户持有人的银行对账单顶部引用。IBAN在75个国家使用;其中34个是单一欧洲支付区的成员。
Banks require all transfers within the EU to include full and clear beneficiary bank and account details. These are known as Bank Identifier Code (BIC) and International Bank Account Number (IBAN) details and are usually quoted at the top of bank statements of current account holders.
IBAN is used in 75 countries; 34 of them are members of the Single European Payment Area.

EXAMPLE OF A BIC
典型的BIC标识银行和分行。它将显示如下：MIDLGB22123。
BIC 由银行代码（MIDL）、国家/地区 ISO 代码（GB）和分行标识符号组成 (22123).
A typical BIC identifies the bank and branch. It would appear as follows: MIDLGB22123.
The BIC consists of a bank code (MIDL), a country ISO code (GB), and a branch identifier number (22123).

EXAMPLE OF AN IBAN
IBAN可识别特定的银行帐户，并使其更容易处理跨境付款。典型的 IBAN 最多可长达 32 个字符，如下所示：GB15MIDL40051512345678。
An IBAN identifies a specific bank account and makes it easier to process payments across borders. A typical IBAN can be up to 32 characters long and would appear as follows: GB15MIDL40051512345678.

IBAN 由国家/地区代码（GB）、校验位（15）、银行代码（MIDL）、后跟排序代码（400515）和帐号（12345678）组成。
The IBAN consists of the country code (GB), a check digit (15), the bank code (MIDL), followed by a sort code (400515) and an account number (12345678).
在资金转帐指令中包含这两个代码，使使用 SWIFT 的银行能够通过直通式处理（STP）相互发送报文，从而消除延迟和查询。
Inclusion of both of these codes in funds transfer instructions enables banks using SWIFT to send messages to each other using straight‑through processing (STP), eliminating delays and queries.

直通式处理
STRAIGHT‑THROUGH PROCESSING (STP)
一种系统，其中交易由自动化系统处理，极少的人为干预。
A system where a transaction is processed by automated systems with minimal human intervention.

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CITF-学习笔记（3.8.3 资金转移的簿记 Bookkeeping for transfers of funds）

3.8.3 资金转移的簿记 Bookkeeping for transfers of funds

以下示例概述了法国银行客户将资金转入国外受益人的银行账户的簿记。它假定各银行之间存在账户关系。
The following examples outline the bookkeeping for a French bank customer transferring funds to the bank account of a beneficiary abroad. It assumes that an account relationship exists between the respective banks.

EXAMPLE 1
在此示例中，转移的资金以欧元计价。法国客户被扣除欧元金额和费用，该金额被记入海外银行的欧元账户（从法国银行的角度来看，这是一个vostro账户）。
In this example, the funds being transferred are denominated in euro.The French customer is debited with the euro amount, plus charges, and this amount is credited to the euro account of the overseas bank (this is a vostro account from the French bank’s point of view).
收到通知后，海外银行从vostro账户中提取欧元，将其转换为当地货币，然后将等值货币减去其费用贷记给受益人。
On receipt of the advice, the overseas bank withdraws the euro from the vostro account, converts it to local currency, and then credits the beneficiary with the currency equivalent, less its charges.

EXAMPLE 2
在此示例中，转账以外币计价。
In this example, the transfer is denominated in foreign currency.
客户将扣除所需货币金额的等值欧元和费用，并且Nostro帐户将记入该货币（如果法国客户保留外币帐户，则可以将适当的货币金额借记到该帐户，并且无需安排转换为欧元）。
The customer is debited with the euro equivalent, plus charges, of the required currency amount and the nostro account is credited with the currency (if the French customer maintains a foreign currency account, then the appropriate currency amount can be debited to that account, and there will be no need to arrange for conversion into euro).
建议海外银行从nostro账户中扣除所需金额的货币，并将资金存入受益人的账户。
The overseas bank is advised that it can debit the nostro account with the requisite amount of currency and credit the funds to the account of the beneficiary.

各种结算方法都涉及相同的簿记。唯一的区别是向海外银行建议转账的方法。
The various methods of settlement all involve the same bookkeeping. The only difference is the method by which the overseas bank is advised about the transfer.

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CITF-学习笔记（3.8.2 ‘Nostro’ and ‘vostro’ accounts）

3.8.2 ‘Nostro’ and ‘vostro’ accounts

除了相互发送授权转账的指示外，银行还需要有系统，以便在此类付款的财务上相互结算，当涉及不同的货币时，使用nostro和vostro账户。”nostro”这个词的意思是”我们的”，而”vostro”的意思是”你的”。
As well as transmitting instructions to one another authorising transfers, banks need to have systems for settling up with each other financially in respect of such payments and, when different currencies are involved, nostro and vostro accounts are used. The word ‘nostro’ means ‘our’ and‘vostro’ means ‘your’.

EXAMPLE
从德国银行的角度来看，nostro账户是其在外国代理银行账簿上的账户，以外币计价。例如，以法兰克福德意志银行的名义开立的账户，位于纽约花旗银行的账簿中，以美国计价。德意志银行是花旗银行的客户。
From the point of view of a German bank, a nostro account is its account in the books of a foreign correspondent bank, denominated in foreign currency. An example would be an account in the name of Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt, in the books of Citibank, New York, denominated in US
Dollars.Deutsche Bank is a customer of Citibank.

从德国银行的角度来看，vostro账户是外国银行在该银行的账户，以欧元计价。vostro账户的一个例子是纽约花旗银行名下的账户，该账户保存在法兰克福的德意志银行的账簿中。该账户将以欧元计价，花旗银行将是德意志银行的客户。
From the point of view of a German bank, a vostro account is a foreign bank’s account with that bank, denominated in euro. An example of a vostro account would be an account in the name of Citibank, New York, maintained in the books of Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt. The account would be denominated in euro and Citibank would be a customer of Deutsche Bank.

当资金从德国汇出时，如果付款以外币计价，则使用nostro账户;如果付款以欧元计价，则使用vostro账户。
When funds are remitted from Germany, nostro accounts are used if the payment is denominated in foreign currency and vostro accounts are used if payment is denominated in euro.

银行对待他们的Notro账户的方式与任何其他客户对待他们的银行账户的方式相同。银行将保留自己的往来账户记录，称为”镜像账户”，并将银行对账单与这些镜像账户进行核对。
Banks treat their nostro accounts in the same way as any other customer would treat their bank account. The bank will maintain its own record of the nostro account, known as a ‘mirror account’, and will reconcile the bank statements against these mirror accounts (Wang, 2004).

为了保持准确的记录，银行试图对所有交易进行起息日：银行估计授权交易实际借记或贷记到nostro账户的日期，并在其镜像账户中使用这些日期（Wang，2004）。并非所有地方都不可能对交易进行价值测定 – 在这些情况下，将计算贷方或借方利息。
To maintain accurate records, the bank tries to value‑date all transactions: the bank estimates the date on which authorised transactions will actually be debited or credited to the nostro account and it uses these dates in its mirror account (Wang, 2004). Value‑dating of transactions is not possible everywhere – in these cases, credit or debit interests will be calculated.

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CITF-学习笔记（3.8.1 付款 Payments）

3.8.1 付款 Payments

金融机构面临着巨大的压力，要求它们为国家之间的国际贸易提供更快、更有效的支付方式。
There is strong pressure on financial organisations to deliver ever speedier and more efficient means of payment for international trade between countries.

在欧盟内部，限制资金进出国资金转移的外汇管制条例的消失消除了国际资金转移的官方障碍和拖延，但必须保持所有交易的完整和准确的记录，以便进行统计，并帮助侦查洗钱和其他经济犯罪。
Within the EU, the disappearance of exchange control regulations restricting transfers of funds in and out of countries has removed official barriers and delays to international money transmission,although it is important that full and accurate records of all transactions are maintained for statistical purposes, and also to aid detection of money laundering and other economic crimes.

现在，大多数银行为国际金融交易提供全方位的选择，价格反映了交易完成的速度。规则通常是，受益人（卖方）越快收到其账户中的清算资金，交易费用就越高。在当今支持IT的环境中，资金可以通过相互连接的计算机立即转移到世界各地，只需适度的成本即可转移到银行。
Most banks now offer a full range of choices for international financial transactions, with prices reflecting the speed with which the transaction is completed. The rule is generally that the quicker the beneficiary (seller) receives cleared funds in its account, the higher the charge for the transaction. In today’s IT‑enabled environment, funds can be transferred instantaneously around the world by interlinked computers at only a moderate cost to banks.

使银行能够在它们之间进行转账的主要要求是将经核实的指示从一家银行传送和接收到另一家银行，授权收款银行将受益人（卖方）的账户记入贷方。这些指示过去常常通过海运或空运邮件以经签署的文件传送给海外的代理银行，需要花费过多的时间才能采取行动。向每个代理银行发送了载有经授权签署此类指示的人员的标本签名的书籍，以便收件人能够确认信息是真实的，并且在工作人员更换时定期更新此类签名簿。后来，通过电传或电缆在银行之间发送指令，由于缺乏可以验证的签名，消息被编码并携带测试密钥，银行两端都持有代码表簿，从而能够实现身份验证。
The main requirement to enable banks to make transfers between themselves is the transmission and receipt of an authenticated instruction from one bank to another, authorising the recipient bank to credit the account of the beneficiary (seller). Such instructions used to be transmitted by sea or air mail in signed documents to correspondent banks overseas and took an inordinate time to be acted upon. Each correspondent bank was sent books containing specimen signatures of those authorised to sign such instructions, so that messages could be confirmed as authentic by the recipient, and such signature books were regularly updated when staff changed. Later, instructions were sent between banks by telex or cable and, lacking signatures that could be authenticated, the messages were encoded and carried test keys, for which banks at either end held books of code tables, enabling authentication to be achieved.

在这种系统下进行的转账曾经被称为”邮件转账”（MT）、’有线/电汇’（TTs）或’电汇’，而且长期以来，这些系统并排运行，所有系统都根据有关转账的紧迫性使用。如今，资金转帐指令通过计算机的互连，使用”SWIFT”等系统在银行之间几乎即时发送，并且此类转帐往往被称为”国际支付”，”优先支付”，”快递支付”或”普通”或”紧急”付款，具体取决于银行和所需的付款类型。身份验证是通过内置于系统中的加密进行的。
Transfers made under such systems were once called ‘mail transfers’ (MTs), ‘cable/telegraphic transfers’ (TTs) or ‘wire transfers’ and, for a long time, these systems ran side by side, with all being used depending on the urgency of the transfers in question. Nowadays, funds transfer instructions are sent between banks almost instantaneously through the interlinking of computers, using systems such as ‘SWIFT’, and such transfers tend to be called ‘international payments’, ‘priority payments’, ‘express payments’, or ‘ordinary’ or ‘urgent’ payments, depending on the bank and type of payment required. Authentication is by encryption built into the system.

全球最大的安全金融消息传递系统
World’s largest secure financial messaging system
SWIFT（全球银行间金融电信协会）是一个由其成员拥有的合作社。它运营着世界上最大的安全金融消息传递平台，用于传达支付和与支付相关的信息。2021 年 1 月，SWIFT 平均每天处理 4，210 万条个人财务报文（SWIFT，2021 年）。
SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) is a co‑operative owned by its members. It operates the world’s largest secure financial messaging platform for communicating payment and information relating to payments. In January 2021 SWIFT processed on average 42.1 million individual financial messages per day (SWIFT, 2021).

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CITF-学习笔记（3.8代理银行业务-Correspondent banking）

3.8代理银行业务-Correspondent banking

3.8.1 Payments
3.8.2 ‘Nostro’ and ‘vostro’ accounts
3.8.3 Bookkeeping for transfers of funds
3.8.4 Use of BIC and IBAN
3.8.5 Real‑time gross settlement (RTGS)
3.8.6 Foreign bank accounts
3.8.7 Bank drafts and customer cheques
3.8.8 Disadvantages of using cheques
3.8.9 Continuous linked settlement (CLS)

银行通常需要与其他国家/地区的银行合作，统称为”代理银行”。它们可能是独立的银行或同一组的成员。
banks are often required to work with banks in other countries, collectively referred to as ‘correspondent banks’. They may be separate banks or members of the same group.

For any domestic bank, their correspondents will include:
1.已签订正式代理银行协议的完全独立银行
wholly independent banks with which formal correspondent banking agreements have been reached;
2.在另一个国家经营的子公司或联营公司也受代理银行协议的约束
subsidiary or associate companies operating in another country also subject to a correspondent banking agreement;
3.国有/国有银行
state‑owned/government‑owned banks;
4.境内银行海外分行
overseas branches of the domestic bank.
或者，公司可以使用外国银行在公司所在国的分行的服务进行交易。
Alternatively, a company may use the services of a foreign bank’s branch in the company’s country for a transaction.

银行可以在国外市场开设代表处。这些银行在没有银行执照的情况下运作，在许多情况下无法签订代理银行协议或进行任何交易，但允许银行在另一个国家建立业务(establish a presence ?)。
Banks can open representative offices in foreign markets. These operate without a banking licence and will in many cases not be able to enter into correspondent banking agreements or conduct any transactions but allow the bank to establish a presence in the other country.

如今，在合规和风险政策方面存在许多监管障碍（见第1.6.1节）。因此，维持关系的成本和风险显著增加，许多银行正在减少其代理网络。
Nowadays there are many regulatory obstacles with regard to compliance and risk policies (see section 1.6.1). As such, the cost and risk of maintaining relationships has significantly increased and many banks are reducing their correspondent networks.

无论国内银行与海外代理之间的所有权关系如何，代理银行中使用的机制通常都是相同的。代理银行服务包括：
The mechanisms used in correspondent banking are generally the same whatever the ownership relationship between the domestic bank and the overseas correspondent. Correspondent banking services include:
1.‘nostro’ and ‘vostro’ accounts;
2.SWIFT payments (requiring IBAN and BIC numbers within the EU and a few other countries – see section 3.8.3);
3.real‑time gross settlement (RTGS);
4.overseas bank accounts;
5.bank drafts and customer cheques;
6.continuous linked settlement (CLS);
7.the handling of documentary collections;
8.the issuance and/or confirmation of documentary and standby letters of credit;
9.the issuance of direct or indirect bank guarantees.

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 CITF学习笔记目录

CITF-学习笔记（3.7.1 银行提供的服务 Services provided by banks）

3.7.1 银行提供的服务 Services provided by banks

Section 2.2.2 covered those services that banks may provide for customers planning to become involved in international trade. The remaining topics cover the services that make it possible for buyers and sellers to reach an agreement about where the balance of risk lies between the transfer of ownership of the goods shipped and being paid.

银行提供的服务可分为以下一般主题：
The services provided by banks can be categorised under the following general headings:
1.providing advice and contact details for other supporting organisations, such as ICC offices;
2.collecting and making payments;
3.take engagements to the benefit of trade such as documentary credits and standby letters of credit;
4.handle documentary and clean collections;
5.handling documents;
6.providing guarantees that customers will fulfil obligations to trading partners;
7.exchanging currencies and protecting customers against currency fluctuations;
8.providing finance.

清收-Clean collection
指示”向提交银行的指示，并附有汇票和发票，但不附有任何限制拥有或拥有相关货物的文件……[和]在收款人所在国银行系统清算范围之外的银行开具支票的指示”
Instructions “to a presenting bank accompanied by a draft and often invoices, but not accompanied by any document restricting possession or ownership of the relevant goods… [and] instructions with a cheque drawn on a bank outside the clearing range of the payee’s country’s banking system” (Global Negotiator, 2021).

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CITF-学习笔记（3.7银行家/客户关系 The banker/customer relationship）

3.7银行家/客户关系 The banker/customer relationship

3.7.1 银行提供的服务 Services provided by banks

银行是贸易交易中的重要当事方。他们为买家，卖家，运输商和其他人提供各种服务。它们的作用可涉及资助、促进或向其他各方提供咨询。
Banks are important parties in a trade transaction. They offer a variety of services to buyers, sellers,transporters and others. Their role could involve financing, facilitating or advising other parties.These services are explained in section 3.7.1.

管理任何银行/客户关系的一般原则在贸易融资中与银行向其客户提供的任何其他服务一样适用。
The general principles that govern any bank/customer relationship apply as much in trade finance as in any other service provided by a bank to its customer.
The bank, among other duties, has a duty to:
1.通过安全可靠的系统付款
make payment through a secure and reliable system;
2.收取应付给客户的支票和其他票据（如汇票）的金额
collect amounts payable to its customer in respect of cheques and other instruments, such as bills of exchange;
3.提供定期报表
provide regular statements;
4.对客户的事务保密，仅受某些要求披露信息的法律的约束
keep its customer’s affairs confidential, subject only to certain laws that require information to be disclosed;
5.有明确的投诉程序
have a clear complaints procedure;
6.与客户合作，根据洗钱法规防止欺诈和防止犯罪活动
co‑operate with the customer to protect against fraud and to prevent criminal activity in accordance with money‑laundering regulations;
7.根据适用于此类交易的相关规则框架或法律要求，以适当的方式处理单证托收、跟单信用证和银行担保等交易。
handle transactions such as documentary collections, documentary credits and bank guarantees in a suitable manner, according to associated rule frameworks or legal requirements applicable to such transactions.

客户有责任-The customer has a duty to:
1.向银行提供有关其活动及其客户活动的任何合理信息
provide its bank with any reasonable information requested about its activities and those of its customers;
2.按照约定偿还预付款、贷款和其他形式的融资
repay advances, loans and other forms of financing as agreed;
3.支付合理的费用
pay reasonable charges;
4.与银行合作，根据洗钱条例防止欺诈和防止犯罪活动。
co‑operate with the bank to protect against fraud and prevent criminal activity in accordance with money‑laundering regulations.

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 CITF学习笔记目录

CITF-学习笔记（3.6代理商或分销商 Agents or distributors）

3.6代理商或分销商 Agents or distributors

代理商- AGENT
由出口公司指定的第三方，代表其在特定地理区域或行业部门营销和销售其产品或服务。
A third party appointed by the exporting company to act on its behalf to market and sell its product or service in a particular geographical territory or industry sector.

代理商通常以佣金为基础受雇，通常为一些非竞争性公司工作。通常，他们将协商保留费，任何后续销售都将产生佣金。因为他们是自雇人士，所以他们可以产生的销售额越多，他们就能赚到的越多。
Agents are often employed on a commission basis and usually work for a number of non‑competing companies. Generally, they will negotiate a retainer fee and any subsequent sales will generate a commission. Because they are self‑employed, the more sales they can generate, the more they can earn.

代理协议是在出口公司（委托人）和代理商之间起草的，因此出口公司可以放心地控制其货物的销售对象和价格。该协议还定义了允许代理商销售其产品的地区，因此在任何一个国家/地区，公司雇用多个代理商的服务并不罕见。
Agency agreements are drawn up between the exporting company (the principal) and the agent, so the exporting company can be assured of having some control over who its goods are sold to and at what price. The agreement also defines the territory where the agent is allowed to market its product, so in any one country it is not unusual for a company to employ the services of several agents.

分销商-DISTRIBUTOR
履行与代理商类似的角色，主要区别在于分销商通常直接购买货物，然后在指定区域内以利润出售货物。使用分销商为卖方提供了优势，因为他们通常不对分销商产生的任何损失或索赔负责。然而，主要的缺点是，由于货物已出售给分销商，卖方对销售地点和方式的控制较少。分销协议可以提供一些保护。
Fulfils a similar role to an agent, with the main difference that the distributor usually makes an outright purchase of the goods and then sells them on, again in a specified territory, at a profit. Using a distributor provides an advantage to the seller, as they are not usually responsible for any losses or claims incurred by the distributor. However, the main disadvantage is that as the goods have been sold to the distributor, the seller has less control over where and how they are sold. The distribution agreement can provide some protection.

分销协议可以是单一的经销权，即授予在特定市场销售产品或服务的唯一权利，也可以是选择性的经销权，其中对谁（以及在什么条件下）可以销售产品或服务施加限制。
Distribution agreements can either be sole distributorships, where the sole rights to sell the product or service in a particular market are granted, or a selective distributorship, where restrictions are applied as to whom (and under what conditions) the product or service can be sold.

Table ： Differences between agents and distributors

Agent

Distributor

不取得货物的所有权和控制权，因此不承担风险

Does not take ownership and control of the goods, therefore is not assuming risks

直接购买货物，获得所有权和控制权，承担所有风险

Purchases the goods outright, taking ownership and control, assuming all risks

代表出口公司谈判货物销售，赚取佣金

Negotiates the sale of the goods on behalf of the exporting company for a commission

将货物出售给客户，赚取利润

Sells the goods on to customers, making a profit

无权同意/设定销售价格

Has no authority to agree the sale price

通常有权设定货物的销售价格

Usually has the authority to set the selling price of the goods

通常不为买方提供售后支持

Does not usually provide after-sales support for the buyer

经常提供售后支持
可以是选择性或单一经销
Quite often provides after-sales support
Can be selective or sole distributorships

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