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3.8.3 资金转移的簿记 Bookkeeping for transfers of funds

以下示例概述了法国银行客户将资金转入国外受益人的银行账户的簿记。它假定各银行之间存在账户关系。
The following examples outline the bookkeeping for a French bank customer transferring funds to the bank account of a beneficiary abroad. It assumes that an account relationship exists between the respective banks.

EXAMPLE 1
在此示例中，转移的资金以欧元计价。法国客户被扣除欧元金额和费用，该金额被记入海外银行的欧元账户（从法国银行的角度来看，这是一个vostro账户）。
In this example, the funds being transferred are denominated in euro.The French customer is debited with the euro amount, plus charges, and this amount is credited to the euro account of the overseas bank (this is a vostro account from the French bank’s point of view).
收到通知后，海外银行从vostro账户中提取欧元，将其转换为当地货币，然后将等值货币减去其费用贷记给受益人。
On receipt of the advice, the overseas bank withdraws the euro from the vostro account, converts it to local currency, and then credits the beneficiary with the currency equivalent, less its charges.

EXAMPLE 2
在此示例中，转账以外币计价。
In this example, the transfer is denominated in foreign currency.
客户将扣除所需货币金额的等值欧元和费用，并且Nostro帐户将记入该货币（如果法国客户保留外币帐户，则可以将适当的货币金额借记到该帐户，并且无需安排转换为欧元）。
The customer is debited with the euro equivalent, plus charges, of the required currency amount and the nostro account is credited with the currency (if the French customer maintains a foreign currency account, then the appropriate currency amount can be debited to that account, and there will be no need to arrange for conversion into euro).
建议海外银行从nostro账户中扣除所需金额的货币，并将资金存入受益人的账户。
The overseas bank is advised that it can debit the nostro account with the requisite amount of currency and credit the funds to the account of the beneficiary.

各种结算方法都涉及相同的簿记。唯一的区别是向海外银行建议转账的方法。
The various methods of settlement all involve the same bookkeeping. The only difference is the method by which the overseas bank is advised about the transfer.

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3.8代理银行业务-Correspondent banking

3.7.1 银行提供的服务 Services provided by banks

Section 2.2.2 covered those services that banks may provide for customers planning to become involved in international trade. The remaining topics cover the services that make it possible for buyers and sellers to reach an agreement about where the balance of risk lies between the transfer of ownership of the goods shipped and being paid.

银行提供的服务可分为以下一般主题：
The services provided by banks can be categorised under the following general headings:
1.providing advice and contact details for other supporting organisations, such as ICC offices;
2.collecting and making payments;
3.take engagements to the benefit of trade such as documentary credits and standby letters of credit;
4.handle documentary and clean collections;
5.handling documents;
6.providing guarantees that customers will fulfil obligations to trading partners;
7.exchanging currencies and protecting customers against currency fluctuations;
8.providing finance.

清收-Clean collection
指示”向提交银行的指示，并附有汇票和发票，但不附有任何限制拥有或拥有相关货物的文件……[和]在收款人所在国银行系统清算范围之外的银行开具支票的指示”
Instructions “to a presenting bank accompanied by a draft and often invoices, but not accompanied by any document restricting possession or ownership of the relevant goods… [and] instructions with a cheque drawn on a bank outside the clearing range of the payee’s country’s banking system” (Global Negotiator, 2021).

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3.7银行家/客户关系 The banker/customer relationship

3.7银行家/客户关系 The banker/customer relationship

3.7.1 银行提供的服务 Services provided by banks

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银行是贸易交易中的重要当事方。他们为买家，卖家，运输商和其他人提供各种服务。它们的作用可涉及资助、促进或向其他各方提供咨询。
Banks are important parties in a trade transaction. They offer a variety of services to buyers, sellers,transporters and others. Their role could involve financing, facilitating or advising other parties.These services are explained in section 3.7.1.

管理任何银行/客户关系的一般原则在贸易融资中与银行向其客户提供的任何其他服务一样适用。
The general principles that govern any bank/customer relationship apply as much in trade finance as in any other service provided by a bank to its customer.
The bank, among other duties, has a duty to:
1.通过安全可靠的系统付款
make payment through a secure and reliable system;
2.收取应付给客户的支票和其他票据（如汇票）的金额
collect amounts payable to its customer in respect of cheques and other instruments, such as bills of exchange;
3.提供定期报表
provide regular statements;
4.对客户的事务保密，仅受某些要求披露信息的法律的约束
keep its customer’s affairs confidential, subject only to certain laws that require information to be disclosed;
5.有明确的投诉程序
have a clear complaints procedure;
6.与客户合作，根据洗钱法规防止欺诈和防止犯罪活动
co‑operate with the customer to protect against fraud and to prevent criminal activity in accordance with money‑laundering regulations;
7.根据适用于此类交易的相关规则框架或法律要求，以适当的方式处理单证托收、跟单信用证和银行担保等交易。
handle transactions such as documentary collections, documentary credits and bank guarantees in a suitable manner, according to associated rule frameworks or legal requirements applicable to such transactions.

客户有责任-The customer has a duty to:
1.向银行提供有关其活动及其客户活动的任何合理信息
provide its bank with any reasonable information requested about its activities and those of its customers;
2.按照约定偿还预付款、贷款和其他形式的融资
repay advances, loans and other forms of financing as agreed;
3.支付合理的费用
pay reasonable charges;
4.与银行合作，根据洗钱条例防止欺诈和防止犯罪活动。
co‑operate with the bank to protect against fraud and prevent criminal activity in accordance with money‑laundering regulations.

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11.5.7 应收账款贴现-Receivables discounting

定义：This technique is described in the standard definitions as follows:
应收款贴现是应收款购买的一种形式，可灵活适用，其中货物和服务的卖方以折扣价向融资提供人出售单个或多个应收款（以未结发票表示）。
“Receivables discounting is a form of receivables purchase, flexibly applied, in which sellers of goods and services sell individual or multiple receivables (represented by outstanding invoices) to a finance provider at a discount.”(GSCFF, 2016, p28)

任何应收账款可购买的基本要素
The fundamentals of any receivables purchase facility are that the receivable:
1.exists; 存在
2.can be clearly identified and validated;可以清楚地识别和验证
3.is assignable; and 可转让的
4.is enforceable against the debtor in that debtor’s jurisdiction.
在债务人的法域内可对债务人强制执行。

特点:应收账款贴现解决方案的主要特点是它不是贷款，而是购买通过转让或质押的应收款
The main feature of a receivables discounting solution is that it is not a loan but the purchase of a receivable through an assignment or pledge of that receivable.

典型客户-Typical clients
该方案通常提供给希望从资产负债表中移除贸易应收账款的大型公司，并避免将预付款归类为银行债务（即从资产负债表上取下融资）。
The facility is generally offered to major corporates looking to remove the trade receivable from their balance sheet and avoid having the advance classified as bank debt (ie taking the financing off balance sheet).

这意味着公司将要求该方案未向其买家披露，并在真实销售的基础上构建，没有或有限的追索权。它们还将按应收账款面值的100%预付款。
This means that the corporates will require that the facility is undisclosed to their buyers and structured on a true‑sale basis with no or limited recourse back to them. They will also push for an advance based on 100 per cent of the face value of the receivable.

然而，实现所需的会计处理由卖方的审计师自行决定，虽然融资提供人可以构建贷款以履行他们和买方认为将符合资产负债表外解决方案标准的内容，但不能保证。
Achieving the desired accounting treatment is, however, at the discretion of the seller’s auditor and, while the finance provider can structure the facility to fulfil what they and the buyer believe will meet the criteria for an off‑balance‑sheet solution, it cannot be guaranteed.

更高的复杂性Greater complexity
这种类型的安排通常相当复杂，因为大公司可能希望在多个司法管辖区构建一个方案，涉及其自己的海外子公司作为应收款的卖方，买方也在多个国家。这将需要各法域进行高水平的法律和监管尽职调查，以确保应收款在其管辖范围内存在、可以转让和能够对债务人强制执行。
It is common for this type of arrangement to be fairly complex as the major corporate may wish to structure a facility over multiple jurisdictions, involving its own overseas subsidiaries as sellers of the receivable with buyers that are also in multiple countries. This will entail a high level of legal and regulatory due diligence across the jurisdictions to ensure that the receivable exists, can be assigned and can be enforced against the debtor in their jurisdiction.

资产负债表外处理并不总是一个关键要求，特别是对于次级投资级或中型公司。融资提供人可能愿意在实际销售的基础上构建融资，但出于信用风险目的，将要求应收款披露给有关公司的买受人。在这种情况下，应收款的清收可由融资提供人承担，也可由出卖人作为融资提供人的代理人进行。
Off‑balance‑sheet treatment is not always a key requirement, especially with sub‑investment grade or medium‑sized companies. The finance provider may be willing to structure a facility on a true‑sale basis but, for credit risk purposes, will require that the receivable is disclosed to the buyers of the company concerned. In such cases, the collection of the receivable may be undertaken by the finance provider or by the seller as agent for the finance provider.

对卖家的好处Benefits to sellers
对于面临全球竞争加剧、市场审查和资本充足性监管压力的大型企业来说，应收账款贴现计划提供了一种替代方法，可以为企业财务主管提供比传统银行融资更具成本效益的解决方案。
For major corporates that face the pressures of increased global competition, market scrutiny and capital adequacy regulation, receivables discounting programmes offer an alternative approach that can provide the corporate treasurer with a more cost‑effective solution than is possible with more traditional bank funding.
许多应收账款贴现计划现在都得到了以技术为主导的平台的支持，这些平台允许在设施内更好地查看和共享数据以及自动计算可用性。因此，交易控制和抵押品管理已成为一个更加易于管理的过程。
Many of the receivables discounting programmes are now supported by technology‑led platforms that allow for the greater visibility and sharing of data and automated calculation of availability within the facility. As a result, transactional control and collateral management has become a more manageable process.

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11.5.1 基于采购订单的融资-Purchase order‑based finance II

再融资机会-Opportunities for refinancing

有时，融资提供人可能会提供基于定购单的融资，以便在将制成品出售给卖方客户之前为库存品融资。一旦货物售出，融资提供商可以使用基于发票的融资解决方案对装运前预付款进行再融资。或者，基于采购订单的融资可以通过专用的库存融资解决方案进行再融资，如果融资提供商更容易接受的话。
On occasion, a finance provider may provide purchase order‑based finance to finance inventory pending the sale of finished goods to the seller’s customer. The finance provider may refinance the pre‑shipment advance with an invoice‑based finance solution once goods are sold. Alternatively, purchase order‑based finance can be refinanced by a dedicated inventory finance solution if this is more acceptable to finance providers.

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客户简介-Client profile

优势/适用:环节资金压力
Purchase order‑based finance is an invaluable funding solution for sellers that:
1.现金转换周期长，特别是在装运前
have a long cash conversion cycle, particularly during the pre‑shipment period;
2.订单不断增长，在销售给最终买家有巨大的营运资金压力
have a growing order book, putting pressure on working capital prior to the point of sale to end‑buyers; and
3..接收大额一次性订单
receive large, one‑off orders.

如何有效运用?
It works best for sellers when they:
1.已确认大部分营业额的采购订单
have confirmed purchase orders for the majority of their turnover;
2.产品转换流程短（如果他们是制造商）或正在为最终买家有效地采购成品（如果他们是批发分销商）
have short product conversion processes (if they are a manufacturer) or are effectively procuring finished goods for their end‑buyers (if they are a wholesale distributor); and
3.知道最终买家的信用质量是可以接受的，或者可以提高。
对卖家的好处 卖家能够为采购和转换商品提供资金，以便将其出售给客户
know the credit quality of the end‑buyers is acceptable or can be enhanced.

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Benefits to sellers
卖方能够为采购和转换商品提供资金，以便将其销售给客户。
Sellers are able to finance the sourcing and conversion of goods for on‑sale to their customers.

Benefits to buyers
**买方不是基于采购订单的财务解决方案的一方，但间接受益，因为：
**Buyers are not a party to purchase order‑based finance solutions but benefit indirectly because:
1.他们的供应商可以接受他们的更高价格订单
their suppliers can accept higher‑value orders from them;
2.降低了供应商在装运前资金不足而无法交付的风险
the risk that their suppliers fail to deliver, having run out of money before shipment, is reduced; and
3.可以减少或消除向供应商支付预付款的需要
the need for advance payments to suppliers may be reduced or eliminated.

Benefits to finance providers
融资提供人从这一解决办法而不是非结构化债务中获益的程度取决于装运前融资机制的结构和条件。融资提供商将从双方之间成功的贸易关系、卖方履行合同的良好记录以及最终买方的信用状况中得到补偿。
The extent to which finance providers benefit from this solution, as opposed to unstructured debt, is dependent on the structure and conditionality of the pre‑shipment finance facility. Finance providers will take comfort from the successful trading relationships between parties, good track record of contractual fulfilment by sellers and the credit standing of end‑buyers. They have the opportunity to derive the following benefits:
1.可见性 – 他们知道进步的用途和最终的来源偿还
visibility – they know what the advance is to be used for and the eventual source of repayment;
2.控制性 – 他们可能能够控制向供应商支付资金和从买家那里收取资金
control – they might be able to control the disbursement of funds to suppliers and collection of funds from buyers; and
3.担保 – 他们可能在库存品和最终应收账款中拥有担保权益。
security – they might have a security interest in the inventory and the eventual receivable.

 

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